Toxic Truth: Lead and Fertility

Abstract

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Lead in Drinking Water and Birth Outcomes: A Tale of Two Water Treatment Plants

“…Comparing children whose blood lead levels are just above and below the cutoff at which children become eligible for lead remediation interventions, the study finds that reducing lead exposure through such early-life interventions improves children's anti-social and educational outcomes and reduces criminal activity. Drawing on variation in airborne lead across counties, driven by the Interstate Highway System and compliance with the 1977 Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments, Clay, Portnykh and Severnini (2018) find that 24 See Bellinger (2005), Borja-Aburto et al (1999, Edwards (2014), andHertz-Picciotto (2000). 25 Klemick, Mason and Sullivan (2020) use data on blood test results for children in six states and exploit residential proximity to Superfund cleanup sites to estimate effects of reduced exposure on blood lead levels.…”

Credit Access and Mobility during the Flint Water Crisis

“…However, much of this literature has focused on access to health insurance as a mediator to health shocks while we seek to quantify the credit response to a slightly different type of health shock. Finally, our paper is indirectly related to the literature on the effects of lead-contaminated water including work by Aizer et al (2018), Clay et al (2014) and Clay et al (2019), but looks at credit rather than health outcomes. While our paper does not explicitly study these health outcomes, we hypothesize that our results are in part driven by the conclusions drawn in this literature.…”

The legacy lead deposition in soils and its impact on cognitive function in preschool-aged children in the United States

“…To estimate the causal effect of exposure to lead through contaminated soil on cognitive difficulty, we use instrumental variable (IV) methods (e.g., Bowden and Turkington 1984, Angrist et al 1996, Greenland 2000, Angrist and Krueger 2001, Hernan and Robins 2006, Martens et al 2006). This approach tackles those two issues at the same time, and was used recently to study the effects of lead exposure on fertility (Clay et al 2018). Besides establishing a clear pathway of exposure, an instrumental variable quasi-experimentally induces a group of children to be exposed to lead in soil and another group to not face that exposure (or to at least experience less exposure).…”