Toxic Waste From Textile Industries

Physicochemical, Microbial and Ecotoxicological Characteristics of Textile Effluent Collected in the Southeast Region of Brazil

“…The high pH variation is due to the use of a great diversity of chemical reagents and different types of raw materials in the textile processing (Correia et al 1994;Verma et al 2012;dos Santos 2018). In addition, effluents of this type, in most cases, are composed of mixtures from several different industrial processes (Beltrame 2000;Sivaram 2019). In general, the pH of the effluent is neutralized in the early stages of the treatment process, called equalization or neutralization steps (Kunz et al 2002;Powar et al, 2012).…”

“…Textile effluents typically contains a large range of organic compounds that may exhibit a certain degree of toxicity. These compounds, with functional groups as phenols, amines, alcohols, ethers, alkanes, are mainly derived from the dye molecules, auxiliary reagents, solvents and organochlorine products used in pest control (Gardiner and Borne 1978;Correia et al 1994;Ghaly et al 2014;Castro et al 2018;Dolez and Benaddi 2018;Liang et al 2018;Kaur et al 2019;Sivaram et al 2019). Fortunately, the sample did not indicate the presence of cyanide, organochlorines and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as chloroform, dichloroethane, trichlorethylene, phenols, benzene, styrene, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylene (Table 2).…”

“…Other studies, however, detected the presence of those compounds as much as concentrations up to 0.2 and 6.6 mg L -1 of cyanide and phenols (Table 4). These compounds were seen to cause inhibitory effects on the activity of microorganisms in conventional biological treatments and may be harmful to the environment (Beltrame 2000;Sivaram et al 2019). Oxidative methods such as the electrochemical, photocatalytic and ozonation have demonstrated success in the removal of organic compounds from textile effluents (Ahmed et al 2011;Malik et al 2018;Silva et al 2018;Kaur et al 2019).…”

“…Today, the textile sector detains a great social and economic importance, comprising several subareas, such as the production and dyeing of yarns and fibers, development and manufacturing of clothing, fashion trends, logistics, retailing and distribution of products (Kozlowski et al 2016;Agarwal et al 2017;Todeschini et al 2017). According to estimates, in the globe, the total market value of the textile industry segment is expected to reach $842,6 billion in the year of 2020 (Sivaram et al 2019). In Brazil, in the year of 2017, the textile sector employed about 1.5 million workers with a market value of $53.4 billion of dollars (Lucato et al 2017).…”

“…According to Dey and Islam (2015), small industrial plants generate an average of 8 m 3 /L of effluent per day and may reach around 400 m 3 /L in larger industrial plants. In most of the cases, textile effluents are consisted of a junction of wastes of several industrial processes, which generates a final effluent with a complex characteristic (Beltrame, 2000;Sivaram et al 2019).…”