Toxicities of triclosan, phenol, and copper sulfate in activated sludge

Neumegen, Rosalind A.; Fernández‐Alba, Amadeo R.; Chisti, Yusuf

doi:10.1002/tox.20090

Cited by 55 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Concentrations toxic to algae also are in the parts-per-billion range, with values of 0.2 – 2.8 µg/l for TCS and 10 – 30 µg/l for TCC (Consortium 2002, Orvos et al 2002, Reiss et al 2002, Samosoe-Petersen et al 2003, Yang et al 2008). Inhibitory effects on microorganisms were shown to begin at levels ranging from 25 – 80,000 µg/l for TCS and 100,000 – 40,000,000 µg/l for TCC (Consortium 2002, Federle et al 2002, Samosoe-Petersen et al 2003, Sivaraman et al 2004, Neumegen et al 2005, Stasinakis et al 2007, Farre et al 2008, Stickler and Jones 2008). Readers will note that the upper range minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) reported are well in excess of published solubility limits for both biocides discussed here.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 1 NOEC = no-observed effects concentration; LOEC = lowest observed effects concentration; LC 50 = median lethal dose; EC 50 = half-maximal effective concentration; EC 100 = maximal effective concentration; IC 25 = growth inhibition of 25% concentration; IC 50 = growth inhibition of 50% concentration; MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration 2 Orvos et al 2002 3 Consortium 2002 4 Ishibashi et al 2004 5 Tatarazako et al 2004 6 Samosoe-Petersen et al 2003 7 Reiss et al 2002 8 Yange et al 2008 9 Neumegen et al 2005 10 Stasinakis et al 2007 11 Federle et al 2002 12 Sivaraman et al 2004 13 Stickler and Jones 2008 14 Farre et al 2008. …”

Section: Figures and Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Exposure of Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota to Triclosan and Triclocarban¹

Chalew

Halden

2009

J American Water Resour Assoc

279

200

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The synthetic biocides triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) and triclocarban (3,4,4¢-trichlorocarbanilide) are routinely added to a wide array of antimicrobial personal care products and consumer articles. Both compounds can persist in the environment and exhibit toxicity toward a number of biological receptors. Recent reports of toxicological effects in wildlife, human cell cultures, and laboratory animals have heightened the interest in the occurrence of these biocide and related toxic effects. The present study aimed to summarize published environmental concentrations of biocides and contrast them with toxicity threshold values of susceptible organisms. Environmental occurrences and toxicity threshold values span more than six orders of magnitude in concentration. The highest biocide levels, measured in the mid parts-per-million range, were determined to occur in aquatic sediments and in municipal biosolids destined for land application. Crustacea and algae were identified as the most sensitive species, susceptible to adverse effects from biocide exposures in the parts-per-trillion range. An overlap of environmental concentrations and toxicity threshold values was noted for these more sensitive organisms, suggesting potential adverse ecological effects in aquatic environments. Affirmative evidence for this is lacking, however, since studies examining environmental occurrences of biocides vis-à -vis the health and diversity of aquatic species have not yet been conducted.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figures and Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Exposure of Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota to Triclosan and Triclocarban¹

Chalew

Halden

2009

J American Water Resour Assoc

279

200

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“…It is well known that synthetic chemicals, which are commonly used in dental products such as toothpastes and oral mouthwashes, can induce tooth discoloration, cell toxicity, regurgitation, or diarrhea [47, 48]. Thus, plant extracts are considered to be potent alternative compounds for the new generation of oral pharmaceuticals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Level Antimicrobial Efficacy of Representative Mediterranean Natural Plant Extracts against Oral Microorganisms

Karygianni

Cecere

Skaltsounis

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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Nature is an unexplored reservoir of novel phytopharmaceuticals. Since biofilm-related oral diseases often correlate with antibiotic resistance, plant-derived antimicrobial agents could enhance existing treatment options. Therefore, the rationale of the present report was to examine the antimicrobial impact of Mediterranean natural extracts on oral microorganisms. Five different extracts from Olea europaea, mastic gum, and Inula viscosa were tested against ten bacteria and one Candida albicans strain. The extraction protocols were conducted according to established experimental procedures. Two antimicrobial assays—the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assay—were applied. The screened extracts were found to be active against each of the tested microorganisms. O. europaea presented MIC and MBC ranges of 0.07–10.00 mg mL−1 and 0.60–10.00 mg mL−1, respectively. The mean MBC values for mastic gum and I. viscosa were 0.07–10.00 mg mL−1 and 0.15–10.00 mg mL−1, respectively. Extracts were less effective against C. albicans and exerted bactericidal effects at a concentration range of 0.07–5.00 mg mL−1 on strict anaerobic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Parvimonas micra). Ethyl acetate I. viscosa extract and total mastic extract showed considerable antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms and could therefore be considered as alternative natural anti-infectious agents.

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“…Antibacterial agents used in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases, including cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, fluorinated amines or products containing such agents might show undesired effects such as dental staining or, in the case of ethanol commonly found in mouthwash, in relation to the development of oral cancer (Knoll-Kohler and Stiebel, 2002;Lachenmeier, 2008;Mccullough and Farah, 2008;Neumegen et al, 2005;Rodrigues et al, 2007). Thus, the search for alternative products and phytochemical isolates in plants used in traditional medicine is considered a good alternative over synthetic drugs (Prabu et al, 2006).…”

Section: Antibiofilm Activity Of Natural Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiofilm activity of natural substances derived from plants

Nogueira¹,

Costa²,

Cunha³

et al. 2017

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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The main objective of this study was to conduct a review of bioactive substances derived from plants which show antimicrobial/antibiofilm properties. Vegetable species were widely employed as ingredients in medicine based on traditional knowledge. Various secondary metabolites have been proven to inhibit bacterial growth. Bacterial resistance mechanisms have increased over the years. Biofilms are types of bacterial association which gives the communities a higher resistance to drugs. The formation process of biofilms, the problems caused by them and the natural substances, as well as their main chemical components and action mechanisms, have been described according to existing literature.

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Toxicities of triclosan, phenol, and copper sulfate in activated sludge

Cited by 55 publications

References 15 publications

Environmental Exposure of Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota to Triclosan and Triclocarban¹

Environmental Exposure of Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota to Triclosan and Triclocarban¹

High-Level Antimicrobial Efficacy of Representative Mediterranean Natural Plant Extracts against Oral Microorganisms

Antibiofilm activity of natural substances derived from plants

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Toxicities of triclosan, phenol, and copper sulfate in activated sludge

Cited by 55 publications

References 15 publications

Environmental Exposure of Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota to Triclosan and Triclocarban1

Environmental Exposure of Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota to Triclosan and Triclocarban1

High-Level Antimicrobial Efficacy of Representative Mediterranean Natural Plant Extracts against Oral Microorganisms

Antibiofilm activity of natural substances derived from plants

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Environmental Exposure of Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota to Triclosan and Triclocarban¹

Environmental Exposure of Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota to Triclosan and Triclocarban¹