Toxicity, Additive Effects, and Antagonism of Salt Solutions as Indicated by Growth of Wheat Roots

Eisenmenger, Walter S.

doi:10.2307/2480757

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The researches of LOEB with animals and of LOEW and OSTERHOUT with plants are outstanding in this field. For summaries of some of the many contributions to the subject, reference is made to reviews already published (11,29,35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antagonism of Certain Elements Essential to Plants Toward Chemically Related Toxic Elements

Hurd-Karrer¹

1939

Plant Physiol.

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(WITH FIVE FIGURES)The hypothesis developed to explain the quantitative aspects of selenatesulphate antagonism was based on the assumption of unselective absorption and utilization of the two ions by virtue of their chemical similarity (18,19). The idea subsequently received support from plant analyses showing that the amount of selenium taken into the tissues of certain plants parallels that of sulphur, as though selenium absorption were determined by the sulphur requirement of the species (20). Reasoning by analogy to other pairs of chemically related elements, one of which is toxic and the other essential in nutrition, has led to the discovery that arsenate toxicity is a function of phosphate availability, rubidium toxicity of potassium availability, and strontium toxicity of calcium availability. In view of the small number of pairs that can be selected on such a basis, positive results with all three are highly suggestive of the validity of the basic assumption. The present paper presents the experimental evidence on which the previous brief reports of these relationships were based (22,23 The most obvious effect of arsenic on wheat was killing of the roots with withering and stunting of the tops, apparently as a result of root injury ( fig. 1, D). The severely damaged leaves were narrow and stiff, and sometimes pale green in color.The effect of phosphates on these symptoms was studied first in water cultures and then in several kinds of soil.WATER CULTURES.-Seedlings of Hard Federation wheat were grown for several weeks in low-, medium-, and high-phosphate solutions containing disodium arsenate (Na2HAsO4 7 H20). The three nutrient solutions, with 10, 60 and 120 parts per million of phosphorus, contained, in 19 liters, 31, 184, and 367 cc. M,/10 CaH4(PO4)2 -H20, respectively; plus 95 cc. M/5 MgSO4,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antagonism of Certain Elements Essential to Plants Toward Chemically Related Toxic Elements

Hurd-Karrer¹

1939

Plant Physiol.

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“…Since phenol is not highly ionized, the toxicity is not due to any great extent to the hydrogen ion. (1) (1) phenol, (2) solutions to which three grams of silica gel were added to each phenol solution, (3) At lower concentrations as in the percentage proportions of 0.006 M the culture solutions containing the silica gel afford an average growth approximately 8 per cent. better than those containing no gel.…”

Section: Growth In Solutions Of Phenol To Which Silica Gel Was Addedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The objects of the present study were: (1) to determine the relative toxicity of phenol at various concentrations in water solution; (2) to determine to what degree toxicity would be affected by the utilization of silica gel as an adsorbent; (3) to determine the effect on growth when mixtures of calcium nitrate and phenol in aqueous solution are used as the medium; (4) to determine the degree of adsorption of phenol in aqueous solution by silica gel. Methods -As a criterion of toxicity the growth of roots of germinating soy-bean seedlings was used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Modifying the Toxicity of Phenol

Eisenmenger¹

1931

Plant Physiol.

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“…McGEORGE (13) The methods relating to roots were essentially the same as those described by TRELEASE and TRELEASE (32) and by EISENMENGER (8). For each culture two pyrex beakers (tall form without lip) were used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of Aluminum on Seedlings and Action of Certain Ions in the Elimination of the Toxic Effects

Eisenmenger

1935

Plant Physiol.

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IntroductionThe physiological action of aluminum ions in a nutrient medium has been studied in humid areas for approximately 25 years. The relative abundance in the earth of this element would suggest frequent solution of portions, but the solution tension of aluminum compounds in nature prevents appreciable quantities from reaching the ionic stage. It-has been found, however, that aluminum occurs in nearly all seed plants, which would indicate that the hydrogen ion concentration in the immediate area of roots is not the same as its concentration in the soil mass.The toxicity of aluminum is not so easily determined as is the toxicity of the salts of the alkali and alkali earth elements. This is due to the fact that the salts of aluminum which are appreciably soluble are those of the strong acids, and these salts in turn are strongly hydrolyzed in aqueous solution, resulting in secondary formation of an acid. This in turn gives rise to hydrogen ions. The trials made may result in part from the measurement of the sum total of hydrogen and aluminum ion toxicity.

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Toxicity, Additive Effects, and Antagonism of Salt Solutions as Indicated by Growth of Wheat Roots

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Antagonism of Certain Elements Essential to Plants Toward Chemically Related Toxic Elements

Antagonism of Certain Elements Essential to Plants Toward Chemically Related Toxic Elements

Factors Modifying the Toxicity of Phenol

Toxicity of Aluminum on Seedlings and Action of Certain Ions in the Elimination of the Toxic Effects

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