Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Munitions Constituents in Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms

Lotufo, Guilherme R.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59208-4_13

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…Reviews (ATSDR, 2012;Lotufo, 2017;NLM, 2018a); literature (Belden et al, 2005;Houston and Lotufo, 2005;Lotufo et al, 2010;Lotufo, 2011;Ballentine et al, 2015) Little bioaccumulation in earthworms (Eisenia fetida, Eisenia andrei; BCF: 1.86-33); indications of higher BCF at lower RDX concentrations in soil in one study, but not in another study; little biotransformation and some potential for accumulation noted in literature Literature (Best et al, 2006;Sarrazin et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2009;Savard et al, 2010) and review (Lotufo, 2017) Some retention (4 % of the label applied) of RDX in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) fed a diet of plant materials grown in RDX-amended soils (15 mg/kg) Literature (Fellows et al, 2006) ASSESSMENT The main uncertainty relates to environmental releases, since the occurrence in environmental media is only clearly established at or around (former) military sites. However, data in Swiss lakes suggest that more widespread contamination is possible.…”

Section: Dossiermentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report: Applying a tested procedure for the identification of potential emerging chemical risks in the food chain to the substances registered under REACH ‐ REACH 2

Oltmanns¹,

Bohlen²,

Escher

et al. 2019

EFS3

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This study applied a procedure for the identification of potential emerging chemical risks in the food chain to substances registered under the REACH Regulation that was previously developed and tested in an EFSA‐sponsored pilot study. The selection was limited to substances that (a) were registered with a full registration, (b) met eligibility criteria (e.g. availability of a CAS number and a SMILES notation) and (c) were considered to be inside the applicability domain of the models used in this study (excluding e.g. ionisable compounds and metals). This selection reduced the number of substances from about 15 000 to 2 336 substances that were subsequently assessed in four blocks: environmental releases (based on tonnage and use pattern), biodegradation (using BIOWIN predictions assessed in a battery approach), bioaccumulation in food/feed (using ACC‐HUMANsteady modelling) and toxicity (based on classification for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, reprotoxicity and repeated dose toxicity). A scoring system was applied with a maximum score of 10 in each of the four blocks. The procedure showed a good degree of differentiation in each block. Two weighting scenarios and pivot table selections were applied to the scores in the four blocks. An evaluation of both approaches led to the prioritisation of substances for their potential to represent ‘emerging chemical risks’ in the food chain. Following additional curation steps, 212 ‘potential emerging risks’ were identified that are considered to (a) be released to the environment and/or poorly biodegraded, (b) bioaccumulate in food/feed and (c) represent a chronic human health hazard. In this study, in‐depth evaluations were performed for ten ‘potential emerging risks’ that so far have not been assessed by an EU regulatory body for their presence in food via the investigated exposure pathway. The selection of these ten substances does not imply that the remaining 202 potential emerging risks are of lower priority

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Section: Dossiermentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report: Applying a tested procedure for the identification of potential emerging chemical risks in the food chain to the substances registered under REACH ‐ REACH 2

Oltmanns¹,

Bohlen²,

Escher

et al. 2019

EFS3

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“…The leakage of munition compounds (MCs) from corroding shells into surrounding waters and sediments may have detrimental impacts on marine ecosystems . Nitro-aromatic compounds (e.g., 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, TNT; 1,3-dinitrobenzene, DNB) and nitramines (e.g., hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, RDX), typically present in conventional munitions, are known for their toxicity and carcinogenicity with evidence of chronic detrimental effects on aquatic biota living in proximity of dumpsites and potentially including organisms caught for humans consumption. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid, At-Sea Detection of Munition Compounds in Coastal Waters Using a Shipboard System

et al. 2023

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Coastal waters are contaminated globally with millions of metric tons of munitions from the two world wars which constitute a potential threat to ecosystems and humans. Laboratory-based chemical methods for the detection of munition compounds (MCs) in seawater typically take weeks to months between sample collection and analysis. The current work details a novel, field-deployable system for rapid (under 10 min) analysis of four common MCs (1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB), amino-4,6dinitrotoluene (ADNT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)). The system uses a fluidic preconcentration unit with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detection by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry and UV−vis spectroscopy. The fluidic unit comprises two solid-phase extraction (SPE) columns for preconcentration of target MCs from the seawater matrix and allows loading and analysis of two samples simultaneously. Seven SPE resins were tested for extraction efficiency and robustness, with Porapak RDX showing best performance. Chromatographic separation of target MCs was performed using a C8 reversed-phase HPLC column. Limits of detection (LODs) were 3.7, 1.8, 3.6, and 10.7 ng L −1 for DNB, ADNT, TNT, and RDX, respectively. The system's analytical performance and automated data processing procedure were demonstrated in the Baltic Sea.

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Environment and health hazards due to military metal pollution: A review

Shukla,

Mbingwa,

Khanna

et al. 2023

Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management

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Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Munitions Constituents in Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms

Cited by 5 publications

References 139 publications

Final Report: Applying a tested procedure for the identification of potential emerging chemical risks in the food chain to the substances registered under REACH ‐ REACH 2

Final Report: Applying a tested procedure for the identification of potential emerging chemical risks in the food chain to the substances registered under REACH ‐ REACH 2

Rapid, At-Sea Detection of Munition Compounds in Coastal Waters Using a Shipboard System

Environment and health hazards due to military metal pollution: A review

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