Toxicity and health threats of phthalate esters: review of the literature.

Autian, John

doi:10.1289/ehp.73043

Cited by 307 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The absence of systemic effects, after implantation of PEO/PBT proportions, is in concordance with in vivo experiments that did not detect accumulation of polymeric fragments in any of the major organs [5]. This is corroborated by experimental data in the literature that did not indicate any adverse effects of PEO/PBT components [5,14,[23][24][25]. The application of confocal Raman microspectroscopy is of interest in this respect.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Degradation and calcification of a PEO/PBT copolymer series

Radder

Loon

Puppels

et al. 1995

J Mater Sci: Mater Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study the influence of polyethylene oxide content (70, 60, 55, 40 and 30%) on degradation and calcification 'of dense polyethylene oxide (PEO)/polybutyleneterephthalate (PBT) copolymer cylinders was evaluated at subcutaneous sites in goats. Histologically, the 30/70 and 40/60 PEO/PBT implants revealed no signs of calcification and of degradation, although slight surface alterations were evident after 1 year. In contrast, peripheral fragmentation and intermediate calcification were observed for 55/45 and 60/40 PEO/PBT specimens. After subsidence of the inflammatory reaction to the surgical intervention, the tissue reaction to these four PEO/PBT proportions was characterized by a fibrous capsule, although macrophages were frequently seen bordering 55/45 and 60/40 fragments. More extensive degradation and calcification were encountered for 70/30 PEO/PBT samples. Peripheral crack formation occurred from 4 weeks on and at 12 weeks, surface fragmentation was observed for this material. Fragments were usually surrounded by macrophages and, in addition, phagocytes with a foamy appearance were found. Fragmentation and phagocytotic activity increased during the course of the experiment. Using confocal Raman microspectroscopy, it was demonstrated that phagocytes contained 70/30 PEO/PBT fragments in their cytoplasm, as intracellular fragments were chemically composed of PEO and PBT. Systemic effects of the fragmentation were not observed in axial lymph nodes. It can be concluded from the data obtained in this model that a PEO/PBT copolymer series was well tolerated. This study showed that PEO content in PEO/PBT copolymers is directly related to degradation and calcification of these materials and that the extent of these parameters may vary under different experimental conditions. The application of confocal Raman microspectroscopy enables analysis of the chemical composition of intracellular fragments and may therefore be a valuable instrument in the prediction of long-term implant performances.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Degradation and calcification of a PEO/PBT copolymer series

Radder

Loon

Puppels

et al. 1995

J Mater Sci: Mater Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Some phthalates and their monoester metabolites are known to cause carcinogenic, toxic or endocrine-modulating effects in animals (Autian 1973(Autian , 1982Douglas et al 1986;Doull et al 1999;Banerjee et al 2002). Phthalate exposure of humans can occur through oral, dermal or inhalation routes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucuronidation patterns of common urinary and serum monoester phthalate metabolites

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Metabolism of most diesters of phthalic acid in humans occurs by an initial phase I biotransformation in which phthalate monoesters are formed, followed by a phase II biotransformation in which phthalate monoesters react with glucuronic acid to form their respective glucuronide conjugates. The phase II conjugation increases water solubility and facilitates urinary excretion of phthalate, and reduces the potential biological activity because the putative biologically active species is the monoester metabolite. In this study, we report percentages of glucuronidation of four common phthalate monoesters, monoethyl (mEP), monobutyl (mBP), monobenzyl (mBzP), and mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (mEHP) in a subset of urine (mEP n=262, mBP n=283, mBzP n=328, mEHP n=119) and serum (mEP n=93, mBP n=149, mEHP n=141) samples from the general US population. The percentages of free and conjugated monoester excreted in urine differed for the various phthalates. For the more lipophilic monoesters (i.e., mBP, mBzP, and mEHP), the geometric mean of free monoester excretion ranged from 6 to 16%. The contrary was true for the most hydrophilic monoester, mEP, for which about 71% was excreted in urine as its free monoester. Furthermore, percentages of free and conjugated monoesters were similar for mEP, mBP and mEHP among serum and urine samples. Serum mBzP was largely below the method limit of detection. Interestingly, the serum mEP and mBP levels were less than 3% and 47%, respectively, of their urinary levels, whereas the level of mEHP was similar both in urine and serum.

show abstract

“…Most of the esters are colorless liquids, have low volatility, and are poorly soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents and oils (Autian 1973). PAEs are endocrine disruptors and have been used as plasticizing agents in cellulosics and elastomers (Graham 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The occurrence and ecological risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in urban aquatic environments of China

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2015

Ecotoxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used in the manufacturing of plastics, and the demand for PAEs has grown rapidly, especially in China. This trend will lead to much more environmental PAE contamination. PAEs are listed as priority substances in the European Union and are therefore subject to ecological risk assessments. This paper reviews the literature concerning the pollution status of PAEs and their ecological risk to aquatic environments. Risk quotients (RQs) based on the predicted no effect concentration and PAE concentrations in aquatic environments demonstrated significant (10 ≤ RQ < 100) or expected (RQ ≥ 100) potential adverse effects for algae, Daphnia, and fish in aquatic environments near PAE-based industrial and urban areas. Thus, the ecological risk of PAEs in Chinese aquatic environments should be considered, especially in areas where commercial plastics are produced.

show abstract

Toxicity and health threats of phthalate esters: review of the literature.

Cited by 307 publications

References 29 publications

Degradation and calcification of a PEO/PBT copolymer series

Degradation and calcification of a PEO/PBT copolymer series

Glucuronidation patterns of common urinary and serum monoester phthalate metabolites

The occurrence and ecological risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in urban aquatic environments of China

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About