Toxicity and Metabolism of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by the Aquatic Angiosperm Lemna Gibba

Ensley, Harry E.; Barber, John T.; Polito, Michael A.; Oliver, Ana I.

doi:10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[325:tamodb]2.0.co;2

Cited by 24 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Despite being recalcitrant, chlorophenols can be degraded by fungi [1], [2], [3], [22] and bacteria [23], [24], [25]. Plants and actinomycetes can modify chlorophenols, often by making them more water-soluble [26], [27] and thus easier to degrade by microorganisms [28], [29], [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Rational” Management of Dichlorophenols Biodegradation by the Microalga Scenedesmus obliquus

Papazi

Kotzabasis

2013

PLoS ONE

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The microalga Scenedesmus obliquus exhibited the ability to biodegrade dichlorophenols (dcps) under specific autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. According to their biodegradability, the dichlorophenols used can be separated into three distinct groups. Group I (2,4-dcp and 2,6 dcp – no meta-substitution) consisted of quite easily degraded dichlorophenols, since both chloride substituents are in less energetically demanding positions. Group II (2,3-dcp, 2,5-dcp and 3,4-dcp – one meta-chloride) was less susceptible to biodegradation, since one of the two substituents, the meta one, required higher energy for C-Cl-bond cleavage. Group III (3,5-dcp – two meta-chlorides) could not be biodegraded, since both chlorides possessed the most energy demanding positions. In general, when the dcp-toxicity exceeded a certain threshold, the microalga increased the energy offered for biodegradation and decreased the energy invested for biomass production. As a result, the biodegradation per cell volume of group II (higher toxicity) was higher, than group I (lower toxicity) and the biodegradation of dichlorophenols (higher toxicity) was higher than the corresponding monochlorophenols (lower toxicity). The participation of the photosynthetic apparatus and the respiratory mechanism of microalga to biodegrade the group I and the group II, highlighted different bioenergetic strategies for optimal management of the balance between dcp-toxicity, dcp-biodegradability and culture growth. Additionally, we took into consideration the possibility that the intermediates of each dcp-biodegradation pathway could influence differently the whole biodegradation procedures. For this reason, we tested all possible combinations of phenolic intermediates to check cometabolic interactions. The present contribution bring out the possibility of microalgae to operate as “smart” bioenergetic “machines”, that have the ability to continuously “calculate” the energy reserves and “use” the most energetically advantageous dcp-biodegradation strategy. We tried to manipulate the above fact, changing the energy reserves and as a result the chosen strategy, in order to take advantage of their abilities in detoxifying the environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Rational” Management of Dichlorophenols Biodegradation by the Microalga Scenedesmus obliquus

Papazi

Kotzabasis

2013

PLoS ONE

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“…The treatment medium was replaced every other day, and the fresh plant samples were collected after 4 days of treatment. Growth over 4 days was monitored by counting the number of fronds, which were recorded as relative frond numbers after Ensley et al [25].…”

Section: Toxicity Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Response of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) Roots to Cd and Its Chemical Forms

Xue

Wang

Huang

et al. 2018

Journal of Chemistry

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The response of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) roots to Cd and its chemical forms was investigated. The relative root growth rate and concentrations of Cd and its different chemical forms in the root, that is, ethanol-extractable (F E -Cd), HCl-extractable (F HClCd), and residual fractions (F r -Cd), were quantified. Weibull model was used to unravel the regression between the relative root elongation (RRL) with chemical forms of Cd. Parameters assessed catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (A-TOC). Our results show that both the relative root growth rate and relative frond number were affected by Cd concentrations. The chemical forms of Cd were influenced by Cd content in the medium. Relative root elongation (RRL) showed a significant correlation with chemical forms of Cd. Additionally, POD and SOD increased at lower Cd concentrations followed by a decrease at higher Cd concentrations (at more than 5 M Cd). Moreover, MDA and A-TOC increased and CAT decreased with increasing Cd exposure. Furthermore, CAT showed a significant correlation with F HCl -Cd. Taken together, it can be concluded that the chemical forms of Cd are statistically significant predictors of Cd toxicity to duckweed and to the other similar aquatic plants.

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“…More information on glucosidation has been accumulated through studies on the metabolism of phenols, anilines, PAHs, and pesticides in algae (Kneifel et al 1997;Petroutsos et al 2007;Schoeny et al 1988;Schuphan 1974;Soeder et al 1987;Warshawsky et al 1988Warshawsky et al , 1990, aquatic macrophytes (Barber et al 1995;Ben-Tal and Cleland 1982;Day and Saunders 2004;Ensley et al 1994;Fujisawa et al 2006;Nakajima et al 2004;Pascal-Lorber et al 2004;Roy and Hänninen 1994;Sharma et al 1997;Tront and Saunders 2007), crustacea (Foster and Crosby 1986;Johnston and Corbett 1986a, b;Kashiwada et al 1998;Kobayashi et al 1985aKobayashi et al , b, 1990Kukkonen and Oikari 1988;Sanborn and Malins 1980;Schell and James 1989;Takimoto et al 1987b), bivalva (Shofer and Tjeerdema 1993;Takimoto et al 1987a;Tjeerdema and Crosby 1992), and gumboot chiton (Landrum and Crosby 1981). Pridham (1964) first reported the insignificant activity of UDPG transferases in aquatic macrophytes and algae using quinol and resorcinol, while the usage of various substrates has later revealed the wide distribution of O-glucosyltransferases in the soluble enzyme fraction of these species, but with the limited distribution of N-and S-glucosyltransferases (Pflugmacher and Sandermann 1998a;Pflugmacher et al 1999).…”

Section: Glucose and Glucuronic Acid Transferasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, and Metabolism of Pesticides in Aquatic Organisms

Katagi

2009

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

137

102

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The ecotoxicological assessment of pesticide effects in the aquatic environment should normally be based on a deep knowledge of not only the concentration of pesticides and metabolites found but also on the influence of key abiotic and biotic processes that effect rates of dissipation. Although the bioconcentration and bioaccumulation potentials of pesticides in aquatic organisms are conveniently estimated from their hydrophobicity (represented by log K(ow), it is still indispensable to factor in the effects of key abiotic and biotic processes on such pesticides to gain a more precise understanding of how they may have in the natural environment. Relying only on pesticide hydrophobicity may produce an erroneous environmental impact assessment. Several factors affect rates of pesticide dissipation and accumulation in the aquatic environment. Such factors include the amount and type of sediment present in the water and type of diet available to water-dwelling organisms. The particular physiological behavior profiles of aquatic organisms in water, such as capacity for uptake, metabolism, and elimination, are also compelling factors, as is the chemistry of the water. When evaluating pesticide uptake and bioconcentration processes, it is important to know the amount and nature of bottom sediments present and the propensity that the stuffed aquatic organisms have to absorb and process xenobiotics. Extremely hydrophobic pesticides such as the organochlorines and pyrethroids are susceptible to adsorb strongly to dissolved organic matter associated with bottom sediment. Such absorption reduces the bioavailable fraction of pesticide dissolved in the water column and reduces the probable ecotoxicological impact on aquatic organisms living the water. In contrast, sediment dweller may suffer from higher levels of direct exposure to a pesticide, unless it is rapidly degraded in sediment. Metabolism is important to bioconcentration and bioaccumulation processes, as is detoxification and bioactivation. Hydrophobic pesticides that are expected to be highly stored in tissues would not be bioconcentrated if susceptible to biotic transformation by aquatic organisms to more rapidly metabolized to hydrophilic entities are generally less toxic. By analogy, pesticides that are metabolized to similar entities by aquatic species surely are les ecotoxicologically significant. One feature of fish and other aquatic species that makes them more relevant as targets of environmental studies and of regulation is that they may not only become contaminated by pesticides or other chemicals, but that they constitute and important part of the human diet. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the enzymes that are capable of metabolizing or otherwise assisting in the removal of xenobiotics from aquatic species. Many studies have been performed on the enzymes that are responsible for metabolizing xenobiotics. In addition to the use of conventional biochemical methods, such studies on enzymes are increasingly being conducted using immunochemical met...

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Toxicity and Metabolism of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by the Aquatic Angiosperm Lemna Gibba

Cited by 24 publications

References 2 publications

“Rational” Management of Dichlorophenols Biodegradation by the Microalga Scenedesmus obliquus

“Rational” Management of Dichlorophenols Biodegradation by the Microalga Scenedesmus obliquus

The Response of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) Roots to Cd and Its Chemical Forms

Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, and Metabolism of Pesticides in Aquatic Organisms

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