Toxicity and Molecular Mechanisms of Actions of Silver Nanoparticles

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained popularity due to their antibacterial properties, and are therefore widely used in several applications such as wound dressings, food packaging, and water purification. However, the toxicity of AgNPs to humans and the environment is a growing concern. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the toxicity and molecular mechanisms of action of AgNPs. The toxicity of AgNPs can be attributed to their small size, which allows them to enter cells and interact with cellular components. Reports suggest that AgNPs can induce cell death, DNA damage, and oxidative stress in various cell types. The toxic effects of AgNPs differ based on their size, shape, surface charge, and coating. The molecular mechanisms behind the toxicity of AgNPs involve the production of reactive oxygen species, disruption of cellular membranes, and activation of proinflammatory cytokines. Overall, the toxicity of AgNPs is dependent on various factors, and more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind their toxicity. This review highlights the need for proper risk assessments and regulations to minimize the adverse effects of AgNPs on human health and the environment.

Impact of Two Lavender Extracts on Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis, and the Study of Nanoparticles’ Antibiofilm Properties and Their Ability to Transfer them into a Nontoxic Polymer

“…Much research has aimed to demonstrate the biocidal effects of silver on various types of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and algae, but few studies have aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which silver develops toxicity. The available sources show that the most likely mechanisms behind the toxicity of AgNPs or released Ag + ions include disruption of the functionality of the cell wall and cell membranes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and DNA replication disorders [40,41].…”

Royal Jelly-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles Show Promising Anti-Cancer Effect on HeLa and A549 Cells Through Modulation of the VEGFa/PI3K/Akt/MMP-2 Pathway

“…Biological methods of synthesis of silver nanoparticles in contrast involve using organisms or their derivatives, such as bacteria, fungi, or plant extracts, to reduce silver ions into nanoparticles in an eco-friendly and sustainable manner. They provide several advantages, such as low cost and ease of implementation (Waktole, 2023). In addition, the protective materials do not damage tissues and organs in the body.…”