Toxicity and therapeutic applications of citrus essential oils (CEOs): a review

Brah, Augustine Suurinobah; Armah, Francis Ackah; Obuah, Collins; Akwetey, Samuel Addo; Adokoh, Christian K.

doi:10.1080/10942912.2022.2158864

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 171 publications

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“…Citrus essential oils have been reported to be non-toxic; however, studies have shown that some citrus oils exhibit phototoxicity [ 35 ]. For example, bergamot, lime, lemon, and bitter orange oils are known to be phototoxic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Melanogenesis by Essential Oils from the Citrus Cultivars Peels

Yang

Lee

Jang

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Citrus is one of the most popular and widely grown fruit crops in the world. However, the bioactivity of only certain species of citrus cultivars is studied. In this study, the effects of essential oils from 21 citrus cultivars on melanogenesis were investigated in an effort to identify active anti-melanogenesis constituents. The essential oils from the peels of 21 citrus cultivars obtained by hydro-distillation were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Mouse melanoma B16BL6 cells were used in all assays conducted in this study. The tyrosinase activity and melanin content were determined using the lysate of α-Melanocyte-stimulated B16BL6 cells. In addition, the melanogenic gene expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Overall, the essential oils of (Citrus unshiu X Citrus sinensis) X Citrus reticulata, Citrus reticulata, and ((Citrus unshiu X Citrus sinensis) X Citrus reticulata) X Citrus reticulata provided the best bioactivity and comprised five distinct constituents compared to other essential oils such as limonene, farnesene, β-elemene, terpinen-4-ol, and sabinene. The anti-melanogenesis activities of the five individual compounds were evaluated. Among the five essential oils, β-elemene, farnesene, and limonene showed dominating properties. The experimental results indicated that (Citrus unshiu X Citrus sinensis) X Citrus reticulata, Citrus reticulata, and ((Citrus unshiu X Citrus sinensis) X Citrus reticulata) X Citrus reticulara are potential candidates with anti-melanogenesis activity for use as cosmetics and pharmaceutical agents against skin hyperpigmentation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Melanogenesis by Essential Oils from the Citrus Cultivars Peels

Yang

Lee

Jang

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…This method is relatively simple and considered an economical method for obtaining essential oils (with a better yield of about 0.21%) when compared to other methods such as cold pressing, with a yield of around 0.05% [56]. The essential oil and its constituents are extracted and isolated from either citrus peel, leaves, or flower [57].…”

Section: Essential Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioactive Components and Their Activities from Different Parts of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle for Food Development

Indriyani

Anshori

Permadi

et al. 2023

Foods

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Citrus aurantifolia is part of the Rutaceae family and belongs to the genus Citrus. It is widely used in food, the chemical industry, and pharmaceuticals because it has a unique flavor and odor. It is nutrient-rich and is beneficial as an antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insecticide. Secondary metabolites present in C. aurantifolia are what give rise to biological action. Flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, limonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils are among the secondary metabolites/phytochemicals discovered in C. aurantifolia. Every portion of the plant’s C. aurantifolia has a different composition of secondary metabolites. Environmental conditions such as light and temperature affect the oxidative stability of the secondary metabolites from C. aurantifolia. The oxidative stability has been increased by using microencapsulation. The advantages of microencapsulation are control of the release, solubilization, and protection of the bioactive component. Therefore, the chemical makeup and biological functions of the various plant components of C. aurantifolia must be investigated. The aim of this review is to discuss the bioactive components of C. aurantifolia such as essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic, limonoids, and alkaloids obtained from different parts of the plants and their biological activities such as being antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, an insecticide, and anti-inflammatory. In addition, various extraction techniques of the compounds out of different parts of the plant matrix as well as the microencapsulation of the bioactive components in food are also provided.

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“…[25][26][27] In addition, essential oils have been shown to stimulate the digestive process and metabolism, thereby improving metabolic disorders. [28][29][30] The small, spherical, and often simple-to-peel, C. reticulata fruit has a sweet, juicy pulp that is high in vitamin C and other healthy compounds. [31] The peel of C. reticulata is often discarded after its use, which can be used for the extraction of essential oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Citrus essential oils also contain high levels of antioxidants, which can help protect the body from oxidative damage caused by free radicals [25–27] . In addition, essential oils have been shown to stimulate the digestive process and metabolism, thereby improving metabolic disorders [28–30] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Citrus reticulata Blanco Peels Collected from Agrowastes

Job,

Visakh,

Pathrose

et al. 2024

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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Citrus fruits have a thick outer coat which is often discarded due to its low economic value and usually contributes to the waste. So this work focused on exploring the potential pharmacological properties of the discarded citrus peels. In the present study, we extracted the essential oil from peel wastes of Citrus reticulata Blanco (CREO) from the local market. The antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties of essential oil were evaluated. The CREO exhibited a strong antioxidant property with DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, H2O2 radical scavenging, Ferric reducing antioxidant power and for Lipid peroxidation inhibition respectively. Antibacterial properties of CREO was indicated against different pathogenic microbial strains like E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. enterica in terms of disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Further, anticancer properties studied on breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and MDA‐MB‐231 showed dose‐dependent cytotoxicity with IC50 of 56.67± 3.12 µg/mL and 76.44± 2.53 µg/mL respectively. The GC‐MS analysis of CREO revealed the presence of major compounds like S‐limonene, α‐pinene, α‐myrcene, and cis‐terpinene which might have played a significant role in strong antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer properties. The study thus identified the potential health benefits of Citrus reticulata peel waste.

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Toxicity and therapeutic applications of citrus essential oils (CEOs): a review

Cited by 26 publications

References 171 publications

Inhibition of Melanogenesis by Essential Oils from the Citrus Cultivars Peels

Inhibition of Melanogenesis by Essential Oils from the Citrus Cultivars Peels

Bioactive Components and Their Activities from Different Parts of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle for Food Development

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Citrus reticulata Blanco Peels Collected from Agrowastes

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