Toxicity Assessment of Pesticides Using the Microtox Test: Application to Environmental Samples

Ruiz, María-José; López-Jaramillo, L.; Redondo, M.J.; Font, Guillermina

doi:10.1007/s001289900524

Cited by 63 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These reproducibility values were comparable to 10-20% reproducibility previously reported [15,16] for the V. fischeri assay. Reproducibility from several intra-and inter-laboratory studies reported an average reproducibility of 38.8% for the bioassays based on the most common invertebrate and fish test species [22].…”

Section: Variabilitysupporting

confidence: 89%

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Combined toxicity effects of MTBE and pesticides measured with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays

et al. 2003

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Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a fuel oxygenate that is added to gasoline, commonly contaminates aquatic systems, many of which are already contaminated with pesticides. The toxic effects (EC 50 value) of several pure pesticides (Diuron, Linuron, Dichlofluanid, Sea nine, Irgarol and tributyltin (TBT)) were measured and compared with the EC 50 value of the pesticide mixed with MTBE, using the Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna acute toxicity assays. The interaction between chemicals was evaluated in terms of the effects of mixing on the EC 50 value (i.e. the concentration (mg/L) of a compound or mixture that is required to produce a 50% change in a toxic response parameter) and the time required to generate the toxic response. Presence of MTBE enhanced the EC 50 value of several pesticides (Diuron, Dichlofluanid, TBT and Linuron) and/or the toxic response manifested more rapidly than with pure pesticides. Toxicity enhancements were quite substantial in many cases. For example, the presence of MTBE increased the toxicity of Diuron by more than 50% when tested with the V. fischeri assay (5, 15 and 30 min exposure). Also, the toxic response manifested itself within 5 min whereas without the MTBE the same response arose in 30 min. Presence of MTBE increased the toxicity of Dichlofluanid by 30% when measured with the D. magna assay. Toxicities of only two pesticides (Sea nine and Irgarol) were not raised by the presence of MTBE. r

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Section: Variabilitysupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Bacteria Vibrio fischeri is another test organism widely accepted in toxicity test. Both V. fischeri and D. magna assays are rapid, relatively inexpensive, simple and reproducible [15][16][17][18]). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined toxicity effects of MTBE and pesticides measured with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays

et al. 2003

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“…The high toxicity of this compound has also been observed in studies involving the use of bacteria, small crustaceans, algae and aquatic plants. [8][9][10][11][12] Thus, its presence in the environment can cause adverse effects in aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Therefore, it is desirable for the development and optimization of viable technologies with a focus on disposal of such waste.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of the herbicide paraquat by photo-fenton process: optimization by experimental design and toxicity assessment

Trovó

Gomes

Machado

et al. 2013

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Este trabalho descreve a influência e otimização dos reagentes de Fenton (concentração de Fe 2+ e H 2 O 2 ) na eficiência da mineralização do herbicida paraquat (PQT, 50 mg L -1 ) em água, após 60 min (equivalendo a 642 kJ L -1 de radiação UVA acumulada) de tratamento por processo foto-Fenton em escala de laboratório, usando planejamento composto central (CCD). Sob condições otimizadas, experimentos cinéticos foram feitos, avaliando a remoção do PQT, sua mineralização e toxicidade em escala de laboratório, usando irradiação artificial, e em planta piloto sob irradiação solar. A mesma eficiência de remoção e mineralização do PQT foram obtidas em ambos os reatores utilizados. A toxicidade das amostras, estimada em termos de mortalidade de Artemia salina, diminui simultaneamente com o decaimento da concentração de PQT, sugerindo a formação de intermediários de menor toxicidade. Dessa maneira, o processo foto-Fenton/solar pode ser considerado uma alternativa viável para o tratamento de águas residuais contendo PQT.This study describes the influence and optimization of Fenton's reagent (concentration of Fe ) in water, after 60 min (equivalent to 642 kJ L -1 of accumulated UVA radiation) treatment by photo-Fenton process in laboratory scale, using central composite design (CCD). Under optimized conditions, kinetic experiments were done, evaluating the PQT removal, its mineralization and toxicity in laboratory scale, using artificial irradiation, and in a pilot plant under solar irradiation. The same removal efficiency and mineralization of PQT were obtained in both reactors. The toxicity of the samples, estimated in terms of mortality of Artemia salina, decreases simultaneously with the decay of concentration of PQT, suggesting the formation of intermediates of lower toxicity. In this way, the solar photo-Fenton process can be considered as a viable alternative for the treatment of wastewater containing PQT.Keywords: pesticides, detoxification, pilot plant, wastewater treatment, solar light intensity IntroductionSince 2008 Brazil has overtaken the United States in pesticides consumption, becoming the largest consumer. 1 The herbicide paraquat dichloride (PQT, Figure 1) has been widely used for application in post-emergence of weeds and also as desiccant.2 Its residence time in soils can vary from 1.4 to 7.2 years depending on the concentration, soil characteristics (organic matter), temperature and rainfall.3 In river water samples, it has been observed that PQT is not easily microbiologically degraded, since, even after 56 days of incubation, more than 80% of the initial concentration remains unchanged, suggesting to PQT considerable recalcitrance. 4 In addition, PQT is polar, showing high solubility in water, as well as a low octanol-water partition coefficient (log K ow = -4.5), which provides a great mobility in some soils, arriving easily until the next water supplies.5 It has been found in the range of 2-12 mg L -1 in groundwater, 6 and, for example, at average concentration of 0.78 mg L -1 in surface waters ...

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“…5 or 15 min). The assessment of ΙC 50 values of various pesticides for 5 and 15 min showed that in most cases their action was completed within 15 min of exposure time; however certain pesticides might present a longer time effect, indicating that the type of the chemical might affect the test organism by different ways [4,9]. Furthermore, the dose response curves of fosthiazate and metalaxyl-M showed a similar pattern, while a steep increase of copper toxicity was observed with small increase of its concentration.…”

Section: Cr: Confidence Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic and interactive toxic effects of agrochemical substances and copper on Vibrio fischeri

Κungolos¹,

Tsiridis²,

Samaras³

et al. 2006

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 99

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The toxic and interactive toxic effects of two agrochemicals (fosthiazate and metalaxyl-M) and copper were investigated in this study on the photobacterium Vibrio fischeri. The toxicities of all tested compounds were generally comparable. The order of toxicity was: copper > fosthiazate > metalaxyl-M. The interactive effects of fosthiazate and metalaxyl-M mixtures were found to be additive for most of the concentration combinations tested. For the binary mixtures of fosthiazate and copper the interactive effect was antagonistic for all concentration combinations tested. Both agrochemicals showed a similar toxic response, while the toxicity of copper increased significantly by the increase of exposure time and a steep increase of copper toxicity was observed with a small increase of its concentration.

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Toxicity Assessment of Pesticides Using the Microtox Test: Application to Environmental Samples

Cited by 63 publications

References 10 publications

Combined toxicity effects of MTBE and pesticides measured with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays

Combined toxicity effects of MTBE and pesticides measured with Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna bioassays

Degradation of the herbicide paraquat by photo-fenton process: optimization by experimental design and toxicity assessment

Toxic and interactive toxic effects of agrochemical substances and copper on Vibrio fischeri

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