Toxicity Effects of Microplastics Individually and in Combination the Fish Pathogen Yersinia Ruckeri on the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)

Abstract

Exposure to xenobiotics such as Yersinia ruckeri can significantly affect bacterial infections in fish. Microplastics (MPs) may predispose fish to infection and act as carriers in pathogen transmission. Therefore, this study is designed to evaluate MPs' effect on damage caused by exposure to Y. ruckeri in rainbow trout. In this study, blood biochemical parameters and hepatic oxidative biomarkers as clinical signs were measured in the fish co-exposed to Y. ruckeri (5 and 10% LD50) and MPs (500 and 1000 mg Kg-1) for 30 days. There were no significant changes in the creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol levels, and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity in the blood of fish infected with Y. ruckeri. In contrast, exposure to MPs had a significant effect on most clinical parameters. The total protein, albumin, globulin, total immunoglobulins, High-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol levels, and γ-glutamyltransferase activity decreased, whereas glucose, triglyceride, and creatinine levels, and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities increased in the plasma of fish after co-exposure to MPs and Y. ruckeri. Dietary MPs combined with a bacterial challenge decreased catalase activities, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant levels. However, the superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde contents in the hepatocytes increased in the hepatocyte of fish co-exposed to MPs and Y. ruckeri. In conclusion, this study showed that fish exposure to MPs and simultaneous challenge with Y. ruckeri could have a synergistic effect on clinical parameters.

Single and combined toxicity of tadalafil (Cilais) and microplastic in Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

“…As a result, the present study's findings point to greater blood albumin and glucose levels, particularly in the tadalafil and PE-MPs combination group, which may be linked to eventual tissue damage and energy crisis compensation in this study. In addition, after concurrent exposure to MPs and bacteria (Yersinia ruckeri), the lipid profile, total protein, albumin, and globulin reduced, although glucose, liver, and kidney functions increased in the plasma of fish rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) 60 .…”

“…In fish intestines, MPs alone increased SOD and LDH www.nature.com/scientificreports/ activity; however, co-exposure to tetracycline-MPs decreased oxidative stress 73 . The hepatocytes of rainbow trout exposed to MPs and bacteria (Yersinia ruckeri) concurrently showed increased SOD activity and malondialdehyde levels, while catalase activity, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant levels were all reduced when dietary MPs were paired with a bacterial challenge 60 . Sahabuddin, Noreen 74 mentioned that the combination of (MPs + oil + Corexit) disrupts catalase, and glutathione S-transferase levels in Asian seabass (Lates calcalifer).…”