Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to <i>Penueus monodon</i> Juveniles

Chen, Jiann‐Chu; Lei, Shun‐Chiang

doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1990.tb00543.x

Cited by 101 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In intensive aquaculture systems, NH 3 build up is the result of shrimp excretion and bacterial transformation of organic detritus like feces and unconsumed food and is highly toxic to production organisms. Shrimp bioaccumulate NH 3 by diffusion which has caused retarded growth [38], [39], increased oxygen consumption [40], [41] and mortality [42]. In normal environmental conditions nitrogen is excreted mainly as NH 3 (60% to 70% of total nitrogen) and amino acids (10%), with small amounts of urea and uric acid [43], [44].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Health during a Superintensive Aquaculture Growout Using NMR-Based Metabolomics

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Success of the shrimp aquaculture industry requires technological advances that increase production and environmental sustainability. Indoor, superintensive, aquaculture systems are being developed that permit year-round production of farmed shrimp at high densities. These systems are intended to overcome problems of disease susceptibility and of water quality issues from waste products, by operating as essentially closed systems that promote beneficial microbial communities (biofloc). The resulting biofloc can assimilate and detoxify wastes, may provide nutrition for the farmed organisms resulting in improved growth, and may aid in reducing disease initiated from external sources. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic techniques were used to assess shrimp health during a full growout cycle from the nursery phase through harvest in a minimal-exchange, superintensive, biofloc system. Aberrant shrimp metabolomes were detected from a spike in total ammonia nitrogen in the nursery, from a reduced feeding period that was a consequence of surface scum build-up in the raceway, and from the stocking transition from the nursery to the growout raceway. The biochemical changes in the shrimp that were induced by the stressors were essential for survival and included nitrogen detoxification and energy conservation mechanisms. Inosine and trehalose may be general biomarkers of stress in Litopenaeus vannamei. This study demonstrates one aspect of the practicality of using NMR-based metabolomics to enhance the aquaculture industry by providing physiological insight into common environmental stresses that may limit growth or better explain reduced survival and production.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Health during a Superintensive Aquaculture Growout Using NMR-Based Metabolomics

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In our experiments, shrimp were housed in small (3 l) tubs without aeration, and during the 7 d experiments, the DO levels and pH declined as total ammonia and nitrites rose. Although there is little information on the effect of these changes on shrimp health for cold water species, like Siyonia ingentis, water quality in our experiments is within guidelines for warm water species (see Chen & Lei 1990, Boyd 2001a, and mortality of our control shrimp was less than 7.5%. It therefore seems probable that the elevated mortality rates in shrimp exposed to Vibrio sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi cause detachment of the epithelium from the midgut trunk of the penaeid shrimp Sicyonia ingentis

Martin

Rubin²,

Swanson³

2004

Dis. Aquat. Org.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Shrimp Sicyonia ingentis were either injected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (10 4 CFU) or V. harveyi (10 6 CFU) or immersed in ASW containing either species at 10 5 CFU ml -1. These densities were shown in preliminary experiments to kill approximately half the population by 7 d. On Day 7, surviving shrimp were classified as either diseased or apparently healthy, and their midgut trunks (MGT) were examined by light and electron microscopy. All shrimp immersed in ASW containing either species of Vibrio showed detachment of the epithelium in the MGT. In shrimp injected with either species of Vibrio, epithelial detachment was common in diseased shrimp but not in apparently healthy animals. Experiments with live shrimp were supported by in vitro experiments where MGTs were removed, tied off at both ends, and injected with either pathogenic bacteria (V. parahaemolyticus or V. harveyi), non-pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis or Escherichia coli), or ASW. After 2 h incubations in ASW at 15°C, the MGTs were processed and examined. The epithelium consistently detached from isolated MGTs injected with either species of Vibrio, but not from MGTs injected with non-pathogenic bacteria or ASW. Because the MGT epithelium secretes the peritrophic membrane, loss of the epithelium eliminates 2 layers that may restrict penetration of ingested pathogens into the shrimp body and may disrupt the osmoregulatory function of the MGT. A second finding was that fixed, large-granule hemocytes associated with the basal lamina degranulated in the presence of the 2 species of Vibrio, but not with the non-pathogenic bacteria or ASW. These blood cells may help fight specific bacteria penetrating the MGT. KEY WORDS: Shrimp · Vibriosis · Midgut trunk · HemocytesResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

show abstract

“…In water. High concentrations of nitrite are also considered harmful (Spotte 1970: Chen & Chin 1988Chen & Lei 1990) and its toxicity is presumably related to the loss of oxygen-binding capabilities of haemocyanin. in a pH-, temperature-and salinity-dependent equilibrium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of Penaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante) broodstock under long-term exposure to ammonia

Cavalli

Peixoto

Wasielesky

1998

Aquaculture Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effects of total ammonia (TAN; NH4* + NH j) on the reproductive performance, survival, growth and moulting of wild Penaeus paulensis (Perez-I'arfantcl broodstock were studied lo determine optimal rearing conditions. Based on previously established 'safe levels' for P. paulensis adults (3.4 and 4.2mgir' TAN), two 46-day trials were performed. In the tirst trial, six females and four males were stocked in 700-L tank.s under three treatments (0,37. 2.5 3 and 6.86mgL"' TAN) with at least two replicates per treatment, fn trial 2. ammonia levels of 0.68, 1.55 and 2.62 mg L~' TAN were assigned to three 6000-L tanks, each stocked with 36 females and 24 males. Ammonia only influenced the survival of females and the growth of males exposed to 6.H6mgL" TAN (0.21 mgL ' NHj), No further eflects of ammonia on moulting and reproductive performance were detected. The present results demonstrate that up to 2.62mgL"^ TAN. coupled with 0.07mgL"' NHâ nd 1.50mgL"' NO^. will not impair reproductive performance of P, paulensis. It is suggested that water quality for the maturation of P. paulensis may be maintained through lower daily water exchange rates instead of the usual high levels (lSO-i()07n) employed on penaeid shrimp maturation systems.199S Biackweli Science Lid

show abstract

Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to Penueus monodon Juveniles

Cited by 101 publications

References 17 publications

Evaluation of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Health during a Superintensive Aquaculture Growout Using NMR-Based Metabolomics

Evaluation of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Health during a Superintensive Aquaculture Growout Using NMR-Based Metabolomics

Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi cause detachment of the epithelium from the midgut trunk of the penaeid shrimp Sicyonia ingentis

Performance of Penaeus paulensis (Pérez-Farfante) broodstock under long-term exposure to ammonia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About