Toxicity of Apple Orchard Pesticides to Michigan Populations of Amblyseius fallacis1

Effects of Some Pesticides on the Predatory Mite, Neoseiulus longispinosus (Evans) (Gamasina: Phytoseiidae)

“…The board-spectrum pesticides, ethion, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and carbaryl were also confirmed to be harmful to N. longispinosus in this study. As reported previously, carbaryl was harmful to A. fallacis (Croft and Nelson, 1972), A. potentillae and T. pyri (Samsøe-Petersen, 1990). Moreover, Singh and Singh (2005) recently found that ethion was harmful to N. longispinosus.…”

“…For the fresh residual test of adult females of N. longispinosus, we employed the leaf-dip method described by Croft and Nelson (1972), Overmeer (1985) and Zhang and Sanderson (1990), with some modifications. The mulberry leaves were trimmed with a cork borer (1.7 cm diameter) to obtain a standard size of leaf disc arena.…”

Arthropod Resistance to Insecticides: A Key to Pest Control Failures and Successes in North American Apple Orchards

“…fallacis strains resistant to the individual compounds, DDT, carbaryi and several O-Ps (e.g., azinphosmethyi, parathion, phosmet and diazinon) have been detected (Table I). O-P cross-resistance in this species extends to at least 11 other insecticides (Croft & Nelson, 1972;Croft et al, 1976). Whereas carbaryl resistance is local, O-P resistance is present throughout midwestern and eastern North America (see map in Croft & Brown, 1975), to the extent that it is difficult to find S populations for experimental study (Morse & Croft, 1981).…”

Natural Enemy Resistance to Pesticides: Documentation, Characterization, Theory and Application

“…Selection continues since field rates applied for codling moth or leafroller control still cause some predator mortality, but biological control of the European red mite, P. uZmi, has been partially achieved in the area (Croft et al, 1976a A. faZZacis strains resistant to DDT, carbaryl and several OP compounds (e.g., azinphosmethyl, parathion, phosmet, diazinon and stirofos) have been detected (Table 1), and OP cross resistance extends to at least 11 other insecticides (Croft and Nelson, 1972;Croft et al, 1976b). Whereas DDT and carbaryl resistance occur locally, OP resistance is present throughout midwestern and eastern North America (see map in Croft and Brown, 1975), to the extent that it is difficult to find S populations for experimental study (Croft, unpublished).…”