“…For example, one of the origins of pollutants in tobacco is farm soil, which can have different concentrations of metals, and the use of different pesticides can cause the accumulation of different concentrations of this pollutant in tobacco leaves 30 . Also, the amount of smoke passed through the filter, which is directly dependent on the smoking behavior, and the concentration of the pollutant trapped in the filter, which is directly affected by the quality of the filter, is the reason for the difference in the concentration of the studied pollutant in the cigarette filter 23 , 32 , 33 . Figure 2 The annual leakage of heavy metals from cigarette butts in the study area.…”
The use of tobacco will lead to the littering of a large number of filters, and the leakage of pollutants from them into the urban environment is a serious concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the leakage of heavy metals from filter and estimate the annual concentration of pollution leakage in different waste routes and different climatic conditions. The results showed that the highest and lowest density of filter in the studied urban environment were 0.51 and 0.01 number/m2, respectively. According to the estimated annual production of 306 million cigarette butts in the studied area, the leakage of the studied metals was estimated to be 401 g. The share of copper, chromium, and cadmium from the total leakage was 67%, 8.3%, and 1.88%, respectively. The leakage of studied metals in rainy conditions was 2.86 times more than sunny conditions. In different scenarios, the minimum and maximum annual leakage of metals were estimated 23,043 and 350,419 mg/year, respectively. Filters are a little but important source of heavy metal emission into the urban environment, the amount of pollution from which is affected by the consumers’ behavior and the efficiency of the urban cleaning system. Education on the correct disposal of filters and increasing the efficiency of the urban cleaning system will lead to a reduction in pollution caused by tobacco consumption.
“…For example, one of the origins of pollutants in tobacco is farm soil, which can have different concentrations of metals, and the use of different pesticides can cause the accumulation of different concentrations of this pollutant in tobacco leaves 30 . Also, the amount of smoke passed through the filter, which is directly dependent on the smoking behavior, and the concentration of the pollutant trapped in the filter, which is directly affected by the quality of the filter, is the reason for the difference in the concentration of the studied pollutant in the cigarette filter 23 , 32 , 33 . Figure 2 The annual leakage of heavy metals from cigarette butts in the study area.…”
The use of tobacco will lead to the littering of a large number of filters, and the leakage of pollutants from them into the urban environment is a serious concern. The aim of this study was to analyze the leakage of heavy metals from filter and estimate the annual concentration of pollution leakage in different waste routes and different climatic conditions. The results showed that the highest and lowest density of filter in the studied urban environment were 0.51 and 0.01 number/m2, respectively. According to the estimated annual production of 306 million cigarette butts in the studied area, the leakage of the studied metals was estimated to be 401 g. The share of copper, chromium, and cadmium from the total leakage was 67%, 8.3%, and 1.88%, respectively. The leakage of studied metals in rainy conditions was 2.86 times more than sunny conditions. In different scenarios, the minimum and maximum annual leakage of metals were estimated 23,043 and 350,419 mg/year, respectively. Filters are a little but important source of heavy metal emission into the urban environment, the amount of pollution from which is affected by the consumers’ behavior and the efficiency of the urban cleaning system. Education on the correct disposal of filters and increasing the efficiency of the urban cleaning system will lead to a reduction in pollution caused by tobacco consumption.
“…Finally, an extensive evaluation of every document present in the “References” of the selected papers allowed us to gather further articles concerning ethnobotany or the wild plants used as food. As underlined by the authors of several scientific reviews, the criteria for article selection were devised a priori to avoid personal bias (e.g., [ 183 , 184 ]). In all, 380 articles were found in the databases as well as the previously collected papers, 112 of which contained reports of wild or cultivated edible flower uses.…”
Edible flowers are becoming an essential component of people’s nutrition in the Mediterranean basin. In the last decades, many researchers also have focused their attention on the nutritional composition of the edible flowers, as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, including studies on their safety issues. Despite the growing interest in the use of flowers in human nutrition, the ethnobotanical literature is lacking coverage of some important issues, particularly those which concern the use of flowers in the folk tradition. Only recently, a review regarding the contribution of 32 edible flowers to the Mediterranean diet was published. The aim of the present review is to document the plant lore regarding the wild and cultivated edible flowers consumed in the Mediterranean basin. Based on the 112 studies reviewed, we documented 251 taxa as being used in the Mediterranean basin as edible flowers. The plant species belong to 45 families and 141 genera. Asteraceae (54 taxa) is the most frequently cited family. Sambucus nigra L. is the most cited species. This study can be the basis for future research on the supposed bioactivity and toxicity of wild and cultivated flowers.
“…Cigarette butts are one of the most abundant forms of waste in the world, with thousands of chemicals along with micro-and nanoparticles that have a critical consequential impact on the health of humans, wildlife, and aquatic organisms (Kurmus & Mohajerani, 2020;Moroz et al, 2021). Cigarette butts are ubiquitous to terrestrial life which in due course make their way to freshwater and marine life, leaching various toxic chemicals that can remain for as long as 10 years (Kurmus & Mohajerani, 2020).…”
Cigarette butt pollution is a global environmental concern with profound health and ecological ramifications. This study addresses the pressing need for coordinated efforts involving the public, manufacturers, lawmakers, and citizens to manage and mitigate the detrimental consequences of this pervasive pollutant. The research focuses on the younger generation's awareness of this issue. The survey encompassed 454 respondents, primarily comprising individuals aged 13–19 years (60%), with a substantial representation of females (64%). Encouragingly, an overwhelming majority (97%) recognized cigarette butts as pollutants, irrespective of gender, highlighting substantial public awareness. Notably, respondents reported encountering cigarette debris in public places, often witnessing improper disposal, such as in drains, contributing to water pollution. While respondents exhibited reasonable awareness of the hazards linked to cigarette butts, including fires and harm to wildlife, only 42% were aware of their role in ocean pollution, suggesting a knowledge gap. Notably, despite awareness, improper disposal remains a concern, indicating societal insensitivity. This underscores the need for enhanced public education. The study concludes with recommendations, including awareness campaigns and biodegradable filters, to address cigarette butt pollution. Comprehensive interventions and legislation against careless disposal are essential. This research aims to stimulate further interdisciplinary exploration and draw policymakers' attention to reducing this potential pollutant's impact through sustainable methods.
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