Toxicity of concentrated sodium hypochlorite used as an endodontic irrigant

Gernhardt, Christian Ralf; Eppendorf, K.; Kozlowski, Alexander; Brandt, Marianne

doi:10.1111/j.0143-2885.2004.00804.x

Cited by 198 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…18,19 Furthermore, at the concentrations recommended, its bactericidal level and tissue damage level are relatively close together. 7,8 Additionally, the more concentrated the solution, its surface I N B R I E F…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

An alternative regimen for root canal disinfection

et al. 2006

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Objective To compare the effect of a combination of 20% citric acid solution and photo-activated disinfection with the use of 20% citric acid and 2.25% sodium hypochlorite solutions on bacterial load on the dentine walls in prepared canals in vivo. Subjects and methods Sixty-four randomly selected cases were evaluated and allocated to one of two groups. In Group 1, after gaining access to the root canal, bacterial load on the canal walls was sampled using endodontic files. A further sample was taken after apex location and initial widening of the canal had been completed and the photoactivated disinfection process carried out. A final sample was taken after completion of the canal preparation using citric acid and sodium hypochlorite solutions. In Group 2, the initial sample was taken as described previously. A second sample was taken after conventional preparation using 20% citric acid and sodium hypochlorite solutions as co-irrigants. A final sample was then taken after a subsequent PAD treatment. All samples were cultured for facultative anaerobic bacteria. Results Of the canals treated in Group 1 only two of the 23 canals infected showed culturable bacteria after the use of citric acid and photo-activated disinfection. Of these two canals, one was free of culturable bacteria on completion of conventional treatment but the other still contained culturable bacteria. In Group 2, four canals of the 23 infected initially, remained contaminated after conventional treatment. After subsequent photo-activated disinfection three of these four canals were free of culturable bacteria. Conclusion Results indicate that the use of a chelating agent acting as a cleaner and disrupter of the biofilm and photo-activated disinfection to kill bacteria is an effective alternative to the use of hypochlorite as a root canal cleaning system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

An alternative regimen for root canal disinfection

et al. 2006

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“…Patients experienced severe pain even when they were anesthetized before initiating endodontic procedure. 9,10 Figure 2 Extra-oral view 5 years postoperative.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accidental injection of sodium hypochlorite instead of local anesthetic in a patient scheduled for endodontic procedure

Waknis

Deshpande

Sabhlok³

2011

Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research

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We present here a case of tissue destruction and paresthesia following the accidental injection of sodium hypochlorite instead of local anesthetic in a patient scheduled for endodontic procedure. The accident was managed by the local injection of steroid, debridement of necrotic tissue, daily dressings and medications. Wound healing was satisfactory at the end of 1 month. An extra-oral scar and a small area of paresthesia persisted even after 5 years.

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“…3) and may include the formation of a haematoma. 15,20 A necrotic ulceration of the mucosa adjacent to the tooth may occur as a direct result of the chemical burn. 21 This reaction of the tissues may occur within minutes or may be delayed and appear some hours or days later.…”

Section: Complications Arising From Hypochlorite Extrusion Beyond Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 This reaction of the tissues may occur within minutes or may be delayed and appear some hours or days later. 20,22 If these symptoms develop, urgent telephone referral should be made to the nearest maxillofacial unit. Patients will be assessed by the on call maxillofacial team.…”

Section: Complications Arising From Hypochlorite Extrusion Beyond Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…25 Opinion varies as to the best concentration of hypochlorite, with some practitioners using undiluted household bleach. 20 Fibre optic nasal tracheal intubation followed by surgical decompression has been required to manage airway compromising swelling arising within three hours of accidental exposure to sodium hypochlorite during root canal treatment (Fig. 4).…”

Section: ) Upper Airway Obstructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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