Toxicity of cyanuric acid to broilers on hepatic and renal health with and without melamine

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity potential of cyanuric acid (CYA) and a combination of melamine (MEL) and CYA in broilers. A total of 1200 male COBB 500 broilers were randomly allocated into 1 of 10 treatment groups by a 5 × 2 factorial design in a 42-d experiment. The dietary treatments were as follows: T(1) to T(5): basal diets with 0, 10, 20, 33.3, and 50 mg CYA per kg diet; T(6) to T(10): basal diet with CYA regimens similar to T(1) to T(5) but with 100 mg MEL per kg diet. There were 6 replication pens with 20 chicks per pen. No differences were observed in alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. But on d 22, uric acid (UA) and creatinine (Crea) concentrations were significantly greater when birds were fed CYA at 33.3 mg/kg with MEL 100 mg/kg, and Crea concentration was also higher when birds were fed CYA at 50 mg/kg. No crystals were found in kidneys but dilated renal tubules and small blood vessel expansion were found in kidneys of birds fed CYA at 50 mg/kg and CYA at 33.3 mg/kg with MEL 100 mg/kg. The apoptosis rate (AR) of kidneys of all birds fed CYA and MEL contaminated diets were higher than the control group. These results indicated that the dietary addition of CYA and MEL could induce kidney damage, and the effects were harmful when the ratio of CYA/MEL was 1:3.

Pathological study on urea utilization by poultry

“…Moreover, in group III, the renal tubules showing severe degree of desquamation of the epithelial cell lining with the presence of hyaline cast in their lumen, severe inter tubular and periglomerular hemorrhage, the glomeruli showing shrinkages of their glomerular tuft, thickening and hyalinization of the Bowman's capsules as well as hypercellularity of glomerular tuft and synechia. Similar microscopic findings were previously recorded by Unice Satya Latha and Rajyasree (2013) and Wang et al (2015). Moreover, our results partially agree with that mentioned by Sanad (1988) and Ahmed (1996) who recorded focal infiltration of polymorphnuclear leucocytic inflammatory cells, swelling of the mesengial cells lining the glomerular tuft and thickening of serosa; Landers et al (2012) who recorded moderate to severe multifocal accumulation of eosinophilic to basophilic mineralized casts within renal tubules and collecting tubules.…”

Broiler chickens exposed to melamine and cyanuric acid-contaminated diets

“…10 Moreover, Wang et al found that the dietary addition of MEL and CYA induces kidney damage in chickens, with the most harmful effects occurring when the CYA/MEL ratio was 1:3. 7 In their study, when broilers received 100 mg/kg MEL and 33.3–50 mg/kg CYA of feed, dilated renal tubes and small blood vessel expansion, but no crystals, were found in the kidneys.…”

“…3,4 Risk assessment of MEL and CYA in poultry was already conducted on laying hens, broiler chickens, ducks and Japanese quails. [5][6][7][8] Previous poultry research has shown that both MEL and CYA are absorbed from the diet and subsequently can be found in poultry tissues, blood and eggs. In previous study, Brand et al reported that dietary MEL was toxic to broiler chickens at concentrations higher than 1000 mg/kg of feed.…”

Green detection of trace cyanuric acid and free chlorine together via ion chromatography

“…However, an undesirable side effect of using CCAs is that they also liberate cyanuric acid (CYA, or namely cyanurate), which is a chemically and biologically refractory compound that might harm the environment and human ( Canelli, 1974 ; Hammond et al, 1986 ; Suchý et al, 2009 ). For example, when CYA reacts with melamine (MEL), it can induce high nephrotoxicity and aggravate renal toxicity ( Wang et al, 2012 ; Chang et al, 2014 ; Zhu and Kannan, 2018 , 2019c , b ). In addition, when abundant CYA was present in water, the disinfection efficacy of FC became lower toward Cryptosporidium oocysts ( Murphy et al, 2015 ) and Giardia ( Falk et al, 2019 ).…”