Toxicity of Endotoxin to Chicks

Adler, H. E.; DaMassa, A. J.

doi:10.2307/1589684

Cited by 52 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It also indicated that turkey poults are relatively resistant to the lethal effects of endotoxin, since most deaths occurred with dosages of 1 mg or more. This evidence that poults are resistant to endotoxin agrees with previous studies of lethal effects of endotoxin on young chickens (1,9).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of Pasteurella multocida Endotoxins on Turkey Poults

Rhoades

Rimler²

1987

Avian Diseases

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Studies of turkey poult responses to Pasteurella multocida endotoxins indicated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from two highly pathogenic strains and free endotoxin from one of these strains were all similar in lethal toxicity. Lethal intravenous doses were generally high, 1 mg or more for 1-week-old poults (13.3 mg/kg). The toxic effects of LPS were not increased by repeated administration of small hourly doses. For both forms of endotoxin, the relationship between dose and response was considered erratic. Attempts to increase the susceptibility of poults to LPS by administering a liver-damaging substance (galactosamine) or a histamine-releasing substance (compound 48/80) or by performing surgical bursectomy were not effective. The LPS did not provoke a dermal Shwartzman reaction, even though doses used were 10 times those that produced a characteristic reaction in a rabbit.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of Pasteurella multocida Endotoxins on Turkey Poults

Rhoades

Rimler²

1987

Avian Diseases

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“…In the avian species and in fish, which are relatively resistant to endotoxin (13)(14)(15), the function of TLR4/ MD-2 is less well defined. Herein, we provide for the first time direct evidence that the TLR4/MD-2 complex of chickens confers responsiveness to LPS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TLR4 and MD-2 are highly conserved during evolution with orthologs found in mammals, birds, and some fish species (11,12). However, the avian species and fish appear much more resistant to the toxic effects of LPS than do the mammalian species (13)(14)(15). Analysis of the TLR repertoire of chicken indicates both common and unique features compared with mammalian TLRs (16 -26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique Properties of the Chicken TLR4/MD-2 Complex: Selective Lipopolysaccharide Activation of the MyD88-Dependent Pathway

Keestra

Putten

2008

The Journal of Immunology

140

125

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During evolution, mammals have evolved a powerful innate immune response to LPS. Chickens are much more resistant to LPS-induced septic shock. Herein we report that chickens sense LPS via orthologs of mammalian TLR4 and myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) rather than the previously implicated chicken TLR2 isoform type 2 (chTLR2t2) receptor. Cloning and expression of recombinant chTLR4 and chMD-2 in HeLa 57A cells activated NF-κB at concentrations of LPS as low as 100 pg/ml. Differential pairing of chicken and mammalian TLR4 and MD-2 indicated that the protein interaction was species-specific in contrast to the formation of functional human and murine chimeric complexes. The chicken LPS receptor responded to a wide variety of LPS derivatives and to the synthetic lipid A compounds 406 and 506. The LPS specificity resembled the functionality of the murine rather than the human TLR4/MD-2 complex. Polymorphism in chTLR4 (Tyr383His and Gln611Arg) did not influence the LPS response. Interestingly, LPS consistently failed to activate the MyD88-independent induction of IFN-β in chicken cells, in contrast to the TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) that yielded a potent IFN-β response. These results suggest that chicken lack a functional LPS-specific TRAM-TRIF (TRIF-related adapter molecule/TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β) signaling pathway, which may explain their aberrant response to LPS compared with the mammalian species.

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“…Chickens are very resistant to the deleterious effects of LPS and, since ambient temperature, dosage, prior sensitization, age, route of administration, serotype and genetic line may be involved in the febrile response to endotoxin, it is very difficult to compare different studies (Berczi et al, 1966;Adler & Damassa, 1978;Jones et al, 1983;Dogan et al, 2000;Cheng et al, 2004). Smith et al (1978) reported the attenuation of hypothermia after repeated intravenous injection of 14-day-old chickens with endotoxin from Salmonella gallinarum at a dose of 15 mg/kg.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of age and repeated lipopolysaccharide administration on body temperature and the concentration of interleukin-6 and IgM antibodies against lipopolysaccharide in broiler chickens

et al. 2008

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Our objective was to create a standardized and reproducible inflammation model in chickens in order to study the pharmacodynamics of several anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs. We studied the influence of age and repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration on body temperature and the correlation of this with concentrations of interleukin-6 and IgM antibodies against LPS in plasma of chickens. Three-week-old and 5-week-old broilers were injected intravenously with LPS from Escherichia coli O127: B8 at a dose of 1 mg/kg. LPS administration was repeated after 2 or 7 days. After the first dose of LPS, the body temperature was initially decreased below normal and then later increased above normal. The second dose of LPS reduced the level of hypothermia and the duration of the febrile phase. Three-week-old birds responded to LPS with a higher maximum body temperature and a greater area under the body temperature versus time curve than 5-week-old chickens (P<0.05). Interleukin-6 reached its highest concentration 3 h after LPS administration and returned to baseline levels after 9 h. A second dose of LPS resulted in a significantly lower peak in interleukin-6. Significant higher levels of antibodies against LPS could be detected 7 days after LPS administration. However, there appeared to be no correlation between the reduced response to LPS and the presence of antibodies.

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Toxicity of Endotoxin to Chicks

Cited by 52 publications

References 5 publications

Effects of Pasteurella multocida Endotoxins on Turkey Poults

Effects of Pasteurella multocida Endotoxins on Turkey Poults

Unique Properties of the Chicken TLR4/MD-2 Complex: Selective Lipopolysaccharide Activation of the MyD88-Dependent Pathway

The influence of age and repeated lipopolysaccharide administration on body temperature and the concentration of interleukin-6 and IgM antibodies against lipopolysaccharide in broiler chickens

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