Toxicity of extract of Magonia pubescens (Sapindales: Sapindaceae) St. Hil. to Control the Brown Dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodidae)

Abstract

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Acaricida botânico, saponácea, tingui-do-cerrado, controle de carrapato ABSTRACT -The action of crude ethanol extract of the stem bark of the soapberry Magonia pubescens St. Hil. was studied upon larvae of the Brown Dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille). Tick larvae were obtained by maintaining gravid females in an incubator, after collecting them from naturally infested kennels. The tick larvae were placed in envelopes of fi lter paper impregnated with different concentrations of the extract dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and distilled water. Four tests were repeated with each solution (n 120). The control was carried out in DMSO and distilled water. The bioassays were performed at 27±1°C, RH 80% and 12:12 light cycle. Mortality was observed after 48h exposure. All motionless larvae were considered to be dead. The extract of M. pubescens showed larvicidal potential against R. sanguineus. The lethal concentrations of 1503 ppm (LC 50 ) and 9991 ppm (LC 99 ) were obtained. There was no mortality in the control group. Based on the results of the current study, M. pubescens should be recognized as an future alternative acaricide for the control of Brown Dog tick. These results reinforce the importance of the preservation of this soapberry in its natural biome.KEY WORDS: Botanical acaricide, soapberry, tingui, tick controlThe resistance related in Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) to some synthetic acaricides in some parts of the world (Fernandes 2000, Fernandes & Freitas, 2001, Miller et al. 2001, together with the well-documented damage that these compounds can cause to the environment have resulted in a worldwide trend towards reducing their use as much as possible. In Brazil, acaricide resistance in R. sanguineus to some pirethroids was fi rst recorded by Fernandes (2000), in Goiânia, State of Goiás. Based on encouraging results of experiments with some plant species (Fernandes et al. 2005, active principles of plants with acaricidal properties could be used as an alternative with lower environmental impact to control ticks. (Fig. 1). It is also present in Bolivia and Paraguay. Despite adapting to any soil type, it is frequently observed at great densities in areas with poor soils. The trees are characterized by medium to great load, which wood is used in construction (Lorenzi 1992), and it is also considered useful for metallurgical coal. The species is distinguished easily by the fruit characteristics, which is big and of brown color. The fl owers are used by the bees, although they lead to a slightly toxic honey; seeds are also used in ornamental arrangements and in the soap production (Pott & Pott 1994). The crude ethanol extract of another member of the same family, the tingui Sapindus saponaria L., has also shown activity against larvae of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) (Fernandes et al. 2005). These observations provided the incentive to carry out the present study. Activity of the ethanol extract of the stem bark M. pubescens was theref...

Bioactive Natural Products from Sapindaceae Deterrent and Toxic Metabolites Against Insects

“…Morphological alterations caused by this active fraction on the epithelium of the midgut of larvae of A. aegypti resembled the ones recorded for tannic acid (Rey et al 1999). In a side note, it is worth to notice that this vegetal species has also demonstrated potential on its ethanolic extract of stem barks, as acaricide against the larvae of the common cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) (Fernandes et al 2008). …”

Acaricidal activity of ethanolic extract from aerial parts of Tagetes patula L. (Asteraceae) against larvae and engorged adult females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806)

“…Fernandes et al [20], performing another type of assay, the classical larval packet test [39], found for ethanolic extract from stem bark of Magonia pubescens (Sapindaceae) LC 50 and LC 99 against larvae of Rh. sanguineus of 1.50 mg/mL and 9.99 mg/mL, respectively.…”

“…sanguineus [20-23]. Among the advantages of phytotherapics that currently justify their use are the synergistic effects of its compounds, the combination of mechanisms for substances acting on different molecular targets, the lowest risk of side effects and lower costs in research [24].…”

Potential role of ATP‐binding cassette transporters against acaricides in the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato

“…Susceptibility of larvae to FIP and IVM. The larval packet test (LPT) was used to investigate IVM and FIP lethal concentrations according to the FAO (1984), with some modifications to improve practicality without compromising efficiency (Fernandes et al, 2008;Senra et al, 2013). Specifically, each packet contained 20 larvae and was composed of filter paper measuring 2 × 4 cm (Labor 67 g/m 2 ; Tecnochimica Moderna Srl, Rome, Italy).…”