Toxicity of Five Insecticides Used to Control California Red Scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) Against Susceptible Red Scale Strains

Factors influencing the efficacy of two organophosphate insecticides in controlling California red scale,Aonidiella aurantii(Maskell). A basis for reducing spray application volume in Mediterranean conditions

“…Organophosphate treatments were applied in the same manner to the first and second generations of CRS. The standard treatment involved the application of a mix of CBP (1 g L −1 ) and a pyriproxyfen‐based product (PBP) (0.75 mL L −1 ) (Atominal® 10 EC, AI: 100 g L −1 EC; Sumimoto Chemical Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) to the first generation of CRS, and a mix of CBP (1 g L −1 ) and a petroleum‐derived spray oil (PDSO) (10 mL L −1 ) (Laincoil®, nC21 oil content: 8300 g m −3 , unsulfonated residue: 92%, density at 20 °C: 820–860 kg m −3 , viscosity at 40 °C: 1.438E‐05 m s −1 ; Lainco, S.A., Barcelona, Spain) to the second generation. All of these treatments were applied at two spray application volumes.…”

“…The presence of CRS on the fruit skin causes cosmetic damage, resulting in the downgrading of the fruit in the packing house and dramatically decreasing its price, even when CRS populations are low. Moreover, heavy infestations reduce the vigour of trees and their fruit yield …”

Role of Esterase Enzymes in Monitoring for Resistance of California Red Scale, <I>Aonidiella aurantii</I> (Homoptera: Diaspididae), to Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides

“…Five to seven fruit were used for each concentration of insecticide. The concentration of insecticide used to discriminate between susceptible and resistant scale was 10 ppm for chlorpyrifos, 31.6 ppm for methidathion, and 100 ppm for carbaryl (Walker et al 1991;Grafton-Cardwell and Vehrs 1995). The insecticide solution and the water control contained 0.016% Triton B 1956.…”

“…This pest has developed resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in South Africa (Georgala 1975(Georgala , 1988Nel et al 1979), Australia (Collins et al 1994), and California (Vehrs and GraftonCardwell 1994;Grafton-Cardwell and Vehrs 1995;Grafton-Cardwell et al 1997, 2001. The standard bioassay method for testing resistance in this pest consists of dipping Þrst instar scale-infested green citrus fruit in insecticide solutions and evaluating scale mortality after molting (Ϸ10 d) (Walker et al 1991). Although this method does provide reliable information about the frequency or intensity of resistance in California red scale for speciÞc insecticides, it is time-consuming.…”

Racionalización de las aplicaciones de productos fitosanitarios para el control de Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) en cítiricos.

“…Se utilizan limones procedentes de cultivo ecológico, sin restos de pesticidas, sobre los que se fijan y desarrollan los insectos de cría. Para ello, en primer lugar, los limones limpios y libres de otros insectos, se cubren con una capa de parafina, dejando libre un área de aproximadamente 16 cm 2 , reduciendo así la desecación de los limones (Walker et al, 1991). Estos limones, llamados "limones hijos", se exponen a otros que presentan una población importante de hembras grávidas y reproductoras, denominados "limones madre", que están produciendo larvas.…”