Toxicity of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides on early development of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) (Overview)

Abstract

Due to insect pests, agriculture incurs significant losses, which leads to the massive use of insecticides around the world. However, the use of insecticides has certain environmental risks. For example, neonicotinoid and pyrethroid synthetic insecticides can cause abnormalities in body systems in non-target species. It is known that neonicotinoids and pyrethroids can enter water bodies with surface runoff from agricultural fields, where they affect the hydrobiont populations. Fish species, under appropriate conditions, may be exposed to the toxic effects of such kinds of substances. At the same time, it should be taken into account that at the early stages of fish development, the toxicity of insecticides has its characteristic features. Common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) is a mass fishery species in many countries, including Ukraine. Therefore, determination of the consequences of insecticide entering into water bodies is important to reduce possible economic losses of fish farms. The analysis of available studies has shown that insecticide toxicity in carp embryos, larvae and juveniles depends on environmental conditions, insecticide concentrations and duration of exposure. Lethality rates depend also on physicochemical environmental conditions. Neonicotinoids and pyrethroids can cause disturbances of metamorphosis and morphological abnormalities in C. carpio. Also, the effect of these toxicants affects the fatness of young fish. When exposed to this group of insecticides, behavioural abnormalities and mobility disorders occur in juvenile common carp. In available studies, it is noted that biomarkers of toxic effects of these insecticides may be cytological, histological and biochemical abnormalities in the early stages of common carp development. This allows us to propose the use of juvenile common carp for bioindication of water body pollution by neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides. The changes observed in young fish may affect the state of C. carpio population sometime, and change the quality and quantity of fishery products.