Toxicity of perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and methylene chloride to fathead minnows

Alexander, H. C.; McCarty, W. M.; Bartlett, E. A.

doi:10.1007/bf01683531

Cited by 34 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…It is an acknowledged principle that, for a solvent to be able to penetrate into the fibre, the solvent solubility parameter should closely match that of the polymer [25,26]. For the present investigation, dichloromethane was considered as an alternative to perchloroethylene as, although it presents some safety issues that may be addressed by adopting careful laboratory practice, it is currently the most commonly used chlorinated organic laboratory solvent [27]. From a practical perspective, dyes 1-6 were found to be highly soluble in dichloromethane and its solubility parameter (20.2 J 0.5 cm À1.5 ) is comparable with that of perchloroethylene (20.3 J 0.5 cm À1.5 ), matching favourably that of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (21.4 J 0.5 cm À1.5 ) [28][29][30].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Textile applications of photochromic dyes. Part 5: application of commercial photochromic dyes to polyester fabric by a solvent‐based dyeing method

Aldib

Christie

2013

Coloration Technology

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A series of commercial photochromic dyes was applied to polyester by a solvent dyeing process followed by thermal fixation using dichloromethane as the solvent. The process was optimised in terms of solvent/fabric ratio, dye concentration and the conditions of thermal fixation. The dyed fabrics showed reversible photochromism, developing colour on ultraviolet exposure and fading after removal of the ultraviolet source. The degree of photocoloration, background colours, fading characteristics, fatigue resistance and storage stability of the dyes were evaluated and comparisons made with the outcomes of a traditional aqueous disperse dyeing method. A study of the visible spectra of concentrated solutions of the dyes in a range of solvents provided evidence for the origin of the permanent background colours on the fabric when applied from solvents. Relationships were established between the magnitudes of the visible absorption in solution and the background colours developed, in relation to the nature of the solvents. The results suggest that toluene and ethyl acetate may offer certain advantages as solvents for the application of these dyes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Textile applications of photochromic dyes. Part 5: application of commercial photochromic dyes to polyester fabric by a solvent‐based dyeing method

Aldib

Christie

2013

Coloration Technology

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“…Although, this chlorinated solvent was more toxic to Artemia salina than other test organisms such as Mysidopsis bahia, Pimephales promelas and Cyprinodon variegatus. A 96 hr-LC 50 of 256 mg/L and 310 mg/L has been reported for the mysid shrimp and the fathead minnow respectively (LeBlanc 1984;Alexander et al 1978). Heitmuller et al (1981) Alexander et al ( 1978) determined a 96 hr-LC 50 of 105 mg 1,1,1-trichloroethane/L, 21.4 mg 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene/L and 66.8 mg l,l,l-trichloroethylene/L for Pimephales promelas.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A 96 hr-LC 50 of 256 mg/L and 310 mg/L has been reported for the mysid shrimp and the fathead minnow respectively (LeBlanc 1984;Alexander et al 1978). Heitmuller et al (1981) Alexander et al ( 1978) determined a 96 hr-LC 50 of 105 mg 1,1,1-trichloroethane/L, 21.4 mg 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene/L and 66.8 mg l,l,l-trichloroethylene/L for Pimephales promelas. These results suggest that Artemia salina 24-h old was more resistent to both 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene than Pimephales promelas, whereas 48-and 72-hr old larvae presented higher sensitivity than this fish.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Sensitivity of Three Age Classes of Artemia salina Larvae to Seven Chlorinated Solvents

Sánchez-Fortún¹,

Sanz

Santa-Maria

et al. 1997

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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“…Earlier reports indicate that small fish species are also susceptible to the toxicity produced by TRI [17,18] and other CYP‐activated compounds [19,20]. Although neither CYP2E1 protein or CYP2E1‐mediated activity has been reported in the liver of Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes ), CYP1A‐dependent activity is clearly evident in this species [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Metabolism of trichloroethylene and chloral hydrate by the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) in vitro

Lipscomb

Confer

Miller

et al. 1998

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Trichloroethylene (TRI), a common groundwater contaminant, is readily metabolized by mammals to produce chloral hydrate (CH), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and trichloroethanol (TCOH). Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and other enzymes are responsible for formation of these metabolites, which are implicated in TRI's toxicity and carcinogenicity. To establish the validity of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as an alternate test species for TRI, we examined the metabolism of TRI and CH, as well as CYP expression, in medaka liver preparations. Trichloroethylene was incubated with medaka microsomal protein, and metabolites were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography. Microsome-mediated metabolism of TRI was observed, and a K m value for TRI oxidation of 540 M and a V max value of 213 pmol/min·mg Ϫ1 protein were obtained. Conversion of TRI to CH, TCA, and TCOH was found with medaka hepatic subcellular fractions. In addition, a sex difference in hepatic microsomal TRI metabolism, specific CYP content, and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity was noted. The lower specific activity of preparations from the livers of female medaka is compensated for by increased total protein in the larger liver mass of the female. Immunochemical analysis showed that CYP1A was readily detectable in medaka liver, but CYP2E1 was present at very low levels. These data suggest that TRI metabolism in medaka liver preparations mimics that observed in mammalian systems and supports their use as an alternative test species in the evaluation of the toxicity of TRI.

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Toxicity of perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and methylene chloride to fathead minnows

Cited by 34 publications

References 1 publication

Textile applications of photochromic dyes. Part 5: application of commercial photochromic dyes to polyester fabric by a solvent‐based dyeing method

Textile applications of photochromic dyes. Part 5: application of commercial photochromic dyes to polyester fabric by a solvent‐based dyeing method

Acute Sensitivity of Three Age Classes of Artemia salina Larvae to Seven Chlorinated Solvents

Metabolism of trichloroethylene and chloral hydrate by the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) in vitro

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