“…Municipal sewage has also been a frequent topic of urban mangrove studies, many of which have reported anthropogenic nitrogen enrichment in these systems, as evident in higher foliar and detrital δ 15 N isotopes (Cifuentes et al, ; Dehairs et al, ; Fry & Cormier, ; Jones, O'Donohue, Udy, & Dennison, ; Mohamed et al, ; Wolters, Gillis, Bouma, Katwijk, & Ziegler, ) and lower foliar carbon to nitrogen ratios (C:N; Mohamed et al, ; Wolters et al, ). Many studies also report high heavy metal contamination in urban mangrove sediments, attributable not only to increased metal inputs associated with urban land use, but also to the high metal affinity of the mangrove benthos (Bayen, ; Cavalcante, Sousa, Nascimento, Silveira, & Freire, ; Defew, Mair, & Guzman, ; Diallo & Ishiga, ; Harris & Santos, ; Inglis & Kross, ; Lai et al, ; Li, Xu, Chai, & Qiu, ; Oliveira, Souza‐Santos, Silva, & Macedo, ; Pagliosa & Barbosa, ; Shriadah, ; Tam & Wong, ; Wasserman, Freitas‐Pinto, & Amouroux, ). These metals are assimilated by mangroves and partitioned throughout their biomass (MacFarlane, Koller, & Blomberg, ), with some reported influences on their physiology and morphology (Liu et al, ; MacFarlane, ; MacFarlane & Burchett, ).…”