Toxicity of selected priority pollutants to various aquatic organisms

Holcombe, Gary W.; Phipps, Gary L.; Fiandt, James T.

doi:10.1016/0147-6513(83)90005-2

Cited by 62 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The 96-h LC50 of silver to P. promelas was 2.15 lg dissolved Ag/l (2.45 lg total Ag/l; Table 4), which was (Erickson et al 1998;Holcombe et al 1983;Nebeker et al 1983). Fish in our study were 1 day old and smaller (*0.117 mg dwt) than those in other studies, which may explain why our LC50s were lower.…”

Section: Fish Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of food on the acute toxicity of silver nitrate to four freshwater test species and acute-to-chronic ratios

Naddy¹,

McNerney²,

Gorsuch³

et al. 2011

Ecotoxicology

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Acute silver toxicity studies were conducted with and without food for four common freshwater test species: Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow-FHM), and Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout-RBT) in order to generate acute-to-chronic ratios (ACR). The studies were conducted similarly (i.e., static-renewal or flow-through) to chronic/early-life stage studies that were previously performed in this laboratory. The acute toxicity (EC/LC50 values) of silver without food ranged from 0.57 μg dissolved Ag/l for C.dubia to 9.15 μg dissolved Ag/l for RBT. The presence of food resulted in an increase in EC/LC50 values from 1.25× for RBT to 22.4× for C. dubia. Invertebrate food type was also shown to effect acute silver toxicity. Food did not affect EC/LC50s or ACRs as greatly in fish studies as in invertebrate studies. ACRs for both invertebrate species were <1.0 when using acute studies without food but were 1.22 and 1.33 when using acute studies with food. ACRs for FHMs ranged from 4.06 to 7.19, while RBT ACRs ranged from 28.6 to 35.8 depending on whether food was present in acute studies. The data generated from this research program should be useful in re-determining a final ACR for silver in freshwater as well as in risk assessments.

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Section: Fish Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of food on the acute toxicity of silver nitrate to four freshwater test species and acute-to-chronic ratios

Naddy¹,

McNerney²,

Gorsuch³

et al. 2011

Ecotoxicology

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“…The cyclodene insecticide endosulfan (6,7,8,9,lO, 10-hexachloro-l, 5,5a, 6,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzo-dioxyanthiepin-3-oxide) is among the most toxic pesticides for aquatic life, especially fish, and has, therefore, been registered as a 'priority pollutant' by the US Environmental Protection Agency (Holcombe et al 1983, Janardan et al 1984. Acute toxicity for fish (LCS0: 96 h) varies from 0.1 pg I-' in Morone saxatilis (Korn & Earnest 1974) and mosquito fish (Joshi et al 1981) to 20 and 42 g g 1-' in eel at 29 and 22"C, respectively (Ferrando et al 1987(Ferrando et al , 1991.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructural alterations in the liver and intestine of carp Cyprinus carpio induced orally by ultra-low doses of endosulfan

Braunbeck¹,

Appelbaum²

1999

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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In order to elucidate the importance of food-borne chemical contamination in fish, cytological and ultrastructural alterations in hepatocytes and enterocytes of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. exposed for 5 wk to 0.5 pg endosulfan (6,7,8.9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a, 6,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzo-dioxyanthiepin-3-oxide) kg-' food dry weight, equivalent to an ultra-low dosis of 15 ng kg-' fish d-', were investigated by means of light and electron microscopy Observations on liver alterations were quantified by morphometric analysis Livers show enlargement of the nucleolus, increase in number and size of both Golgi flelds and rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lamellae, as well as proliferation of peroxisomes and lysosomes. Taken together, these alterations represent the morphological equivalent of a general stimulation of hepatic metabolism. Proliferation of the smooth ER is indicative of the onset of biotransformation processes under the influence of food-borne endosulfan. Further pathological processes in the liver were evident by glycogen and lipid depletion, invasion of phagocytic macrophages, and accun?ulation of myelinated bodies in endothehal cells of hepatic sinusoids. In the intestinal tract, exposure to endosulfan is associated with a complete lack of chylomicrons in the epithelia1 lining, w h~c h indicates disturbance of intestinal absorption. The reaction of the gut epithelium also included considerable distension of the intercellular space and an elevated number of lysosomal inclusions in enterocytes. An increased rate of mucous cell precursors was detectable, and rnacrophages were numerous. Results are consistent with endosulfan resorption by the intestinal epithelium and the coexistence of gut and liver ultrastructural changes at extremely low doses. Thus, the substantiation of patholog~cal alterations In organs sequentlally in contact with toxicants appears useful as a biomarker of pollutant exposure and effect. With regard to a chemical spill into the Rhine river at Basel, Switzerland, in November 1986, endosulfan, as a component of the mixture of toxic substances, may well have contributed to the overall toxicity of the chemicals released during the accident and the subsequent fish kill, less as a toxicant in itself than as a stimulant for the toxicity of other xenobiotics.

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“…Çok küçük dozu bile insanlarda sinir sistemine ait çeflitli klinik bulgular›n ortaya ç›kmas›na neden olmaktad›r. Endosülfan Dünya Sa¤l›k Örgütü'nün LD50 sonuçlar›na göre Class 2 (orta derecede zehirli maddeler), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'ya göre ise kategori 1b (en zehirliler) aras›nda yer almaktad›r (1)(2)(3)(4).…”

Section: G‹r‹fiunclassified

Endosülfan ile Kasten Zehirleme İki Olgu

Aktaş¹,

Koçak²,

Şenol³

et al. 2005

Bull Leg Med

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Endosülfan tar›m alanlar›nda yayg›n olarak kullan›lan organik klorlu bir insektisittir. ‹nsektisidler aras›nda en toksik olanlar›ndand›r. Endosülfana toksik düzeyde akut olarak maruz kal›nd›¤› zaman meydana gelen bafll›ca etkiler; gastrointestinal irritasyon, santral sinir sistemi instabilitesi, respiratuar depresyon ve kardiyovasküler sistem kollaps›d›r. Yap›lan çal›fl-malarda endosülfan›n primer etkilerinin santral sinir sistemi üzerine oldu¤u, özellikle konvülzyona bütün akut zehirlenme vakalar›nda rastland›¤› görülmüfltür.Çal›flmam›zda endosülfan›n içilen kutu sütlerin içinde tespit edilmesi orijini kaza ya da intihar olas›l›¤›ndan uzaklaflt›rmakta-d›r. Ölümün gerçekleflti¤i olgularda zehirlenmenin kaza veya intihar olas›l›klar›n›n yan› s›ra olgular›m›zda görüldü¤ü gibi cinai orijinli olabilece¤i de ak›ldan ç›kart›lmamas› gereken bir noktad›r. Çal›flmam›zda iki olgu orijin aç›s›ndan literatürdeki benzer olgulardan farkl› bulunmas› nedeniyle sunulmufltur.Anahtar kelimeler: ‹nsektisid, endosülfan, kas›tl› zehirleme. SUMMARYEndosulfan is an insecticide containing chlorine and is used especially in agricultural areas. It is one of the most toxic insecticides. When one is acutely subjected to endosulfan at a toxic level, the primary effects are gastrointestinal irritation, instability of central nervous system, respiratory depression and cardiovascular system collapse. The primary effects of endosulfan were shown to be on central nervous system according to the studies and especially in all acute poisoning cases convulsion was encounteredIn this study, detection of endosulfan in milk boxes eliminates the possibility of its origin to be either accidental or suicide. It should be kept in mind that, the origin of fatal poisoning could be homicidal suchas in this case as but not only accidental or suicidal.These cases were presented because the manner of death were of the kind rarely encountered in the literature.

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Toxicity of selected priority pollutants to various aquatic organisms

Cited by 62 publications

References 10 publications

The effect of food on the acute toxicity of silver nitrate to four freshwater test species and acute-to-chronic ratios

The effect of food on the acute toxicity of silver nitrate to four freshwater test species and acute-to-chronic ratios

Ultrastructural alterations in the liver and intestine of carp Cyprinus carpio induced orally by ultra-low doses of endosulfan

Endosülfan ile Kasten Zehirleme İki Olgu

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