Toxicity of sodium cyanurate

Hodge, Harold C.; Panner, Bernard J.; Downs, William L.; Maynard, Elliott A.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(65)90123-7

Cited by 28 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…10 Of 3 dogs given 8% monosodium cyanurate in their daily diet, 2 dogs died after 16 months and 21 months, respectively, while the third dog was euthanized at the end of the 2-year study. 11 Histologic lesions in all 3 dogs included kidney fibrosis and focal dilation. In contrast, dietary monosodium cyanurate given to dogs for 6 months at a concentration of 0.8% in their diet did not result in ill effects or renal lesions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Toxicity in Cats

et al. 2007

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Abstract. The major pet food recall associated with acute renal failure in dogs and cats focused initially on melamine as the suspect toxicant. In the course of the investigation, cyanuric acid was identified in addition to melamine in the offending food. The purpose of this study was to characterize the toxicity potential of melamine, cyanuric acid, and a combination of melamine and cyanuric acid in cats. In this pilot study, melamine was added to the diet of 2 cats at 0.5% and 1%, respectively. Cyanuric acid was added to the diet of 1 cat at increasing doses of 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% over the course of 10 days. Melamine and cyanuric acid were administered together at 0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% to 1 cat per dose group. No effect on renal function was observed in cats fed with melamine or cyanuric acid alone. Cats dosed with a combination were euthanized at 48 hours after dosing because of acute renal failure. Urine and touch impressions of kidneys from all cats dosed with the combination revealed the presence of fan-shaped, birefringent crystals. Histopathologic findings were limited to the kidneys and included crystals primarily within tubules of the distal nephron, severe renal interstitial edema, and hemorrhage at the corticomedullary junction. The kidneys contained estimated melamine concentrations of 496 to 734 mg/kg wet weight and estimated cyanuric acid concentrations of 487 to 690 mg/kg wet weight. The results demonstrate that the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid is responsible for acute renal failure in cats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Toxicity in Cats

et al. 2007

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“…At autopsy, organ weights were normal except for an increased kidney weight/body weight ratio in the high-dosed females. Histological examination of the kidneys showed dilation of distal collecting tubules and ducts of Bellini, with focal areas of epithelial proliferation in high-dosed animals (Hodge at al., 1965). …”

Section: Short-term and Sub-chronic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The third dog was sacrificed after 24 months and gross evidence of kidney fibrosis was noted. According to the authors, it seemed reasonable to suggest that continuous stimulation of the excretory portions of the nephron led to hypertrophy, atrophy and fibrosis (Hodge et al, 1965). …”

Section: Long-term Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on Melamine in Food and Feed

Flavourings¹

2010

EFS2

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to provide a scientific opinion related to the presence of melamine and the structural analogues (cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide) in food and feed. EFSA identified the potential sources of melamine and cyanuric acid in food that were not clearly related to incidences of adulteration, including food contact materials, and estimated the associated dietary exposure. Melamine does not exhibit systemic toxicity, but is able to complex with other substances such as endogenous uric acid or substances related to melamine to form crystals in the urine, which cause kidney damage. From the available toxicological data, a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 0.2 mg/kg body weight was established for melamine. Due to uncertainties in the exposure estimates, the human data related to adulteration in infant milk formula with melamine in 2008 were not considered to be sufficiently robust, to form the primary basis for the TDI, but provided supporting evidence for the TDI derived from animal studies. The exposure from background levels of melamine and cyanurate that can occur in food and feed from approved sources does not represent a risk to the human consumer or to animals. Exposure in children due to migration from food contact materials would be below or in the region of the TDI. The migration limit for melamine should be reconsidered in the light of the TDI taking into account all sources of exposure. The potential of melamine to form crystals is increased by concomitant exposure to cyanuric acid, and therefore the TDI is not appropriate for protection of consumer health in the presence of such concomitant exposure. This opinion does SUMMARYThe European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission (EC) to provide a scientific opinion related to the presence of melamine and the structural analogues such as cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide in food and feed.Melamine (2,4,3,) is produced as a high volume chemical.It can be present in food as a result of uses in food contact materials, including articles made of melamine-formaldehyde plastics, can coatings, paper and board and adhesives. The current specific migration limit (SML) laid down in European Union legislation for plastics is 30 mg/kg food. Melamine may also occur in food as a metabolite and degradation product of cyromazine, which is used as a plant protection product and as a veterinary drug, and potentially as a result of its use as a flame retardant. Depending on the purification process, melamine may contain different levels of the structurally related substances cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide. Cyanuric acid residues can also occur in food as a result of use of dichloroisocyanurates as a source of active chlorine in disinfection agents. Melamine and cyanuric acid can be present as impurities in urea-based feed for ruminants.Illegal adulteration of food and feed with melamine has resulted in illness and deaths of human infants and pet animals (cats...

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“…Cyanuric acid by itself, like melamine, has very low toxicity [10]. However, when melamine and cyanuric acid are ingested together, they interact in the renal tubules to form stable melamine-cyanurate crystals [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of a Survey Database of Pet Food-Induced Poisoning in North America

et al. 2010

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Following the outbreak of pet food-induced nephrotoxicity in March 2007, a voluntary online survey of all AAVLD-accredited laboratories, commercial laboratories, and veterinary clinics across North America was conducted. There was no information on toxicity of melamine or factors affecting the disease outcome following exposure to melamine in pets. Data were collected from affected pets to learn about the disease outcome and the affected pet population. The web-based electronic survey used the online tool, SurveyMonkey™. Data were collected between April 5 and October 31, 2007. Four hundred fifty-one cases of 586 reported cases met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Most reported cases were from California, Texas, Michigan, Florida, and Ontario. Of the 451 cases, 424 were reported as affected. Of these, 278 cases (65.6%) were cats and 146 (34.4%) were dogs. A total of 278 pets (171 cats and 107 dogs) were reported to have died (a ratio of 1.6:1). However, within species, there was a higher percentage of deceased dogs (73.3%) than cats (61.5%). Of the affected pet population, older male cats with preexisting disease conditions were more likely to be deceased. Analysis of the pets in this large database of naturally affected pets yielded interesting findings. It showed that more cats than dogs were affected and also that preexisting renal diseases and old age predicted the most severe outcome (death or euthanasia) than any other factors.

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Toxicity of sodium cyanurate

Cited by 28 publications

References 1 publication

Assessment of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Toxicity in Cats

Assessment of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid Toxicity in Cats

Scientific Opinion on Melamine in Food and Feed

Analysis of a Survey Database of Pet Food-Induced Poisoning in North America

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