“…According to the statistics obtained, half of all manufactured medicines are prescribed, distributed, sold, and improperly disposed of ( Thomas and World Health Organization, 2017 ). Active pharmaceutical ingredients released into the environment have negative effects on invertebrates and vertebrates, microbiota and plants; they bioaccumulate within the food chain, disturb the structure and functioning of ecosystems ( Oaks et al, 2004 ; Grenni et al, 2018 ; Mezzelani et al, 2018 ; Richmond et al, 2018 ; Giménez and Nunes, 2019 ; Aguilar-Romero et al, 2020 ; Drzymała and Kalka, 2020 ; Duarte et al, 2020 ; Grabarczyk et al, 2020 ; Wijaya et al, 2020 ; Markovic et al, 2021 ; Mulkiewicz et al, 2021 ; Rohonczy et al, 2021 ; You et al, 2021 ; Daniel et al, 2022 ).…”