Toxicity of wide‐range polarity fractions from wood smoke and diesel exhaust particulate obtained using hot pressurized water

Abstract

Epidemiological and toxicological studies correlate the adverse health effects of particulate matter (PM) with the available information regarding their chemical characterization, which has focused on nonpolar organics (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]), which are limited to 15 to 50% of total organic carbon. To study both polar and nonpolar species, we have employed hot pressurized (liquid) water for the fractionation of diesel exhaust and wood smoke PM. In agreement with the results of previous studies, nonpolar fractions from both PM samples showed strong cytotoxicity (cell viability decreased to 50-60%) corresponding to the presence of PAHs. Surprisingly, similar decreases in cell viability were also found in polar fractions (50 degrees C) from both diesel exhaust and wood smoke PM. The midpolarity fractions (100-150 degrees C) from wood smoke PM also displayed high cytotoxicity corresponding to methoxyphenols and oxy-PAHs. Although the midpolarity fractions from diesel exhaust PM showed no cytotoxicity, genotoxicity was found in the 150 degrees C fraction, possibly corresponding to nitroaromatics. The present study demonstrates the suitability of hot pressurized water (as a single, nontoxic solvent) for the fractionation and toxicological characterization of wide-range polarity constituents of PM and, possibly, other environmental matrices.

Detection limits of electron and electron capture negative ionization-mass spectrometry for aldehydes derivatized with o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine hydrochloride

“…Wood smoke particulate matter was extracted using hot pressurized water, which is described in detail elsewhere [23][24][25]. Aqueous extracts with aldehydes were prepared for GC/MS analysis as calibration standards.…”

Genotoxicity of polar fractions from a herbicide‐contaminated soil does not correspond to parent contaminants

“…Hot pressurized water fractionation was performed using an extraction apparatus and a procedure that has been described in detail previously [8]. In brief, extractions were performed at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with water that was purged previously with nitrogen.…”

“…With increasing temperature, pressurized water extracts midpolarity to nonpolar species. Thus, compounds of different polarities can be sequentially extracted from various matrices using hot pressurized water [8].…”

Health effects assessment of exposure to particles from wood smoke

“…When 6 of the PAH were mixed in the concentrations in which they were found in the individual condensates, the mixtures did not induce mutation so that the contribution of the PAH to the mutagenic activities of the condensates could not be determined. Kubátova et al (2004) used hot pressurised water for the fractionation at different temperatures of both the polar (low temperature) and non-polar fractions (high temperature) of diesel exhaust and wood smoke PM. Nonpolar fractions from both PM sources showed strong cytotoxic responses (reduced viability) in mammalian cells with the strongest response from diesel PM.…”