2009
DOI: 10.1155/2009/953952
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Toxicity of Xanthene Food Dyes by Inhibition of Human Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in a Noncompetitive Manner

Abstract: The synthetic food dyes studied were rose bengal (RB), phroxine (PL), amaranth, erythrosine B (ET), allura red, new coccine, acid red (AR), tartrazine, sunset yellow FCF, brilliant blue FCF, and indigo carmine. First, data confirmed that these dyes were not substrates for CYP2A6, UGT1A6, and UGT2B7. ET inhibited UGT1A6 (glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol) and UGT2B7 (glucuronidation of androsterone). We showed the inhibitory effect of xanthene dye on human UGT1A6 activity. Basic ET, PL, and RB in those food dye… Show more

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Cited by 41 publications
(29 citation statements)
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“…Another study pointed out genotoxic effects caused by the absorption though the skin of Quinoline Yellow [7]. Xanthenes dyes such as Acid Red 92, Erythrosine, or Rose Bengal, which are very popular in cosmetics due to the red shade formed, have been identified as responsible of the formation of rough skin by reacting with proteins on the skin [8]. For other colorants such as Rhodamine B, harmful effects evidenced [9] have led European Union EU authorities to ban the use of these substances in cosmetics.…”
Section: Indigotinementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Another study pointed out genotoxic effects caused by the absorption though the skin of Quinoline Yellow [7]. Xanthenes dyes such as Acid Red 92, Erythrosine, or Rose Bengal, which are very popular in cosmetics due to the red shade formed, have been identified as responsible of the formation of rough skin by reacting with proteins on the skin [8]. For other colorants such as Rhodamine B, harmful effects evidenced [9] have led European Union EU authorities to ban the use of these substances in cosmetics.…”
Section: Indigotinementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Oxidation often produces highly unstable electrophilic free radicals that readily stabilize themselves by alkylating DNA, thereby causing disruption. Inhibition of Human CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein by superoxide Olusegun and Olajire 909 radicals generated from xanthene colourants have been reported (Mizutani, 2009). Many genotoxic substances have also been reported to act via direct DNA and/or protein adducts formation (Adegoke et al, 2012a;Adegoke et al, 2012b).…”
Section: Role Of Metabolism In Carcinogenicitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Uesugi et al 15) have reported that halogenated xanthene food dyes strongly inhibited human y To whom correspondence should be addressed. Fax: +81-78-732-5161; E-mail: seguchi@suma.kobe-wu.ac.jp uridine 5-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 (UGT1A6) activity with IC50 values of 0.04-0.015 mM, while Furumiya and Mizutani 16) and Mizutani 17) have reported that human cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein were inhibited by basic xanthene food dyes with IC50 values of 5.6-21.2 mM. It has been reported [15][16][17] that approximately 2 mg of total pigment/day was ingested and the concentration in the body was estimated to be 2 nM.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%