Toxicity Studies on 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-Difluoroethane and 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-Difluoroethane

Clayton, J. W.; Sherman, H. C.; Morrison, S. D.; Barnes, John; Hood, Dorothy B.

doi:10.1080/00028896609342838

Cited by 14 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Common isotopic processes that affect the relationship between δD and δ 18 O are evaporation from open water and exchange with rock minerals (Fontes, 1980). δD is generally unaffected by reaction with aquifer (Clayton et al, 1966). Whenever the interaction between rock and water leads to the alteration of feldspars to clay minerals, the latter go into isotopic equilibrium with the water leading to a shift in the δ 18 O of the water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater using multivariate statistical methods — the Volta region, Ghana

Banoeng-Yakubo

Yidana

Nti

2009

KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering

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Q and R-mode multivariate statistical analyses were applied to groundwater chemical data from boreholes and wells in the northern section of the Volta region Ghana. The objective was to determine the processes that affect the hydrochemistry and the variation of these processes in space among the three main geological terrains: the Buem formation, Voltaian System and the Togo series that underlie the area. The analyses revealed three zones in the groundwater flow system: recharge, intermediate and discharge regions. All three zones are clearly different with respect to all the major chemical parameters, with concentrations increasing from the perceived recharge areas through the intermediate regions to the discharge areas. R-mode HCA and factor analysis (using varimax rotation and Kaiser Criterion) were then applied to determine the significant sources of variation in the hydrochemistry. This study finds that groundwater hydrochemistry in the area is controlled by the weathering of silicate and carbonate minerals, as well as the chemistry of infiltrating precipitation. This study finds that the δD and δ 18 O data from the area fall along the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL). An equation of regression derived for the relationship between δD and δ 18 O bears very close semblance to the equation which describes the GMWL. On the basis of this, groundwater in the study area is probably meteoric and fresh. The apparently low salinities and sodicities of the groundwater seem to support this interpretation. The suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes is related to its source, which determines its constitution. A plot of the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and salinity (EC) data on a semilog axis, suggests that groundwater serves good irrigation quality in the area. Sixty percent (60%), 20% and 20% of the 67 data points used in this study fall within the medium salinity -low sodicity (C2-S1), low salinitylow sodicity (C1-S1) and high salinity -low sodicity (C3-S1) fields, which ascribe good irrigation quality to groundwater from this area. Salinities range from 28.1 to 1956 µS/cm, whilst SAR values fall within the range 0-3. Extremely low sodicity waters of this kind, with salinities lower than 600 µS/cm, have the tendency to affect the dispersive properties of irrigation soils when used for irrigation. About 50% of the groundwater in the study area fall within this category and need prior treatment before usage.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater using multivariate statistical methods — the Volta region, Ghana

Banoeng-Yakubo

Yidana

Nti

2009

KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering

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“…Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of formation water will help characterize the fluids in different formations. In the midcontinent basins, the isotopic composition of the bedrock fluids shows characteristic deviations from the global meteoric water line (Graf et al, 1965, Clayton et al, 1966. If fluids from deeper formations began to mix with shallower units, oxygen and hydrogen isotope 18 O could identify such mixing.…”

Section: Geochemical Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

FutureGen Project Report

Jim¹,

Elliott²

2013

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This report summarizes the comprehensive siting, permitting, engineering, design, and costing activities completed by the FutureGen Industrial Alliance, the Department of Energy, and associated supporting subcontractors to develop a first of a kind near zero emissions integrated gasification combined cycle power plant and carbon capture and storage project (IGCC-CCS). With the goal to design, build, and reliably operate the first IGCC-CCS facility, FutureGen would have been the lowest emitting pulverized coal power plant in the world, while providing a timely and relevant basis for coal combustion power plants deploying carbon capture in the future.The content of this report summarizes key findings and results of applicable project evaluations; modeling, design, and engineering assessments; cost estimate reports; and schedule and risk mitigation from initiation of the FutureGen project through final flow sheet analyses including capital and operating reports completed under DOE award DE-FE0000587. This project report necessarily builds upon previously completed siting, design, and development work executed under DOE award DE-FC26-06NT4207 which included the siting process; environmental permitting, compliance, and mitigation under the National Environmental Policy Act; and development of conceptual and design basis documentation for the FutureGen plant. For completeness, the report includes as attachments the siting and design basis documents, as well as the source documentation for the following:• Site evaluation and selection process and environmental characterization • Underground Injection Control (UIC) Permit Application including well design and subsurface modeling • FutureGen IGCC-CCS Design Basis Document • Process evaluations and technology selection via Illinois Clean Coal Review Board Technical Report • Process flow diagrams and heat/material balance for slurry-fed gasifier configuration • Process flow diagrams and heat/material balance for dry-fed gasifier configuration • Full capital cost report and cost category analysis (CAPEX) • Full operating cost report and assumptions (OPEX) Comparative technology evaluations, value engineering exercises, and initial air permitting activities are also provided; the report concludes with schedule, risk, and cost mitigation activities as well as lessons learned such that the products of this report can be used to support future investments in utility scale gasification and carbon capture and sequestration.Collectively, the FutureGen project enabled the comprehensive site specific evaluation and determination of the economic viability of IGCC-CCS. The project report is bound at that determination when DOE formally proposed the FutureGen 2.0 project which focuses on repowering a pulverized coal power plant with oxy-combustion technology including CCS. FutureGen Project ReportPage iii Table 7 LIST OF TABLES EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe FutureGen Integrated Gasification/Combined Cycle (IGCC) Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project was a collaborative partn...

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Organic Chlorofluoro Hydrocarbons

Gadagbui,

Onyema

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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This chapter is about organic chlorofluoro hydrocarbons, which are fully or partly halogenated hydrocarbons that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F). In the early 1930s, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were introduced in the 1930s as “safe” replacements for refrigerants such as sulfur dioxide, ammonia, carbon tetrachloride, and chloroform. The list was later expanded during World War II to include their use to produce insecticide aerosols to protect the troops in tropical areas against malaria and other insect‐borne diseases. Current usages include foam blowing, precision cleaning, and propellants for medicinal, cosmetic, and general‐purpose aerosols, air conditioning, and refrigeration. The expanded use of these CFCs has resulted in their emissions into the atmosphere. The CFCs have low chemical reactivity, long atmospheric lifetime, and are globally distributed. However, since they are ozone‐depleting and are also powerful greenhouse gases (GHGs), development was initiated to replace them with comparatively less ozone‐depleting and less greenhouse‐warming hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Subsequently, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) were developed that were both less ozone‐depleting and less GHGs accumulating. Both CFCs and HCFCs are controlled under the Montreal Protocol. The widespread use concerns about their environmental and human health effects of these substances have been extensively reviewed. This chapter updates information on the health effects of some of the major and minor CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs, their global emissions estimates, the discrepancies, if any, between the major reporting regions and the global atmospheric emissions values, and the likely sources of the gap between the atmospheric measurements and the reported emissions.

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Toxicity Studies on 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1,2-Difluoroethane and 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2,2-Difluoroethane

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater using multivariate statistical methods — the Volta region, Ghana

Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater using multivariate statistical methods — the Volta region, Ghana

FutureGen Project Report

Organic Chlorofluoro Hydrocarbons

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