Toxicokinetics of Inhaled Trimethylbenzenes in Man

Järnberg, Jill; Johanson, Gunnar; Löf, Agneta

doi:10.1006/taap.1996.0223

Cited by 44 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…In an investigation of the uptake and eventual disposition of the three TMB isomers, Jarnberg et al (1996) exposed volunteers to 25 ppm of 1,2,3-; 1,2,4-; or 1,3,5-TMB for 2 h at a continuous 50-watt workload to simulate light activity. The 25 ppm exposure level was selected to correspond to occupational exposure recommendations of 20-25 ppm (100-125 mg/m 3 ).…”

Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jones reported that elimination followed a two-compartment model with the half-life for the initial elimination phase of 60 min and a slower second elimination phase with a mean half-life of 600 min. Kostrzewski et al (1997) reported a three-compartment elimination model, and Jarnberg et al (1996) reported four elimination half-lives with a terminal phase of 78-120 hours. Breath concentrations of 1,3,5-TMB returned to pre-exposure levels within 24 h of exposure, indicating rapid metabolic clearance (Jones et al 2006).…”

Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Caldwell et al (2000) reported that, based on a review of personal breathing zone results, the weighted arithmetic mean exposure to trimethylbenzene was 4.1 mg/m 3 . Jarnberg et al (1996Jarnberg et al ( , 1997 reported that there were no signs of irritation or CNS effects among volunteers exposed for 2 h to different TMB isomers at 25 ppm (125 mg/m 3 ). Similarly, Jones et al (2006) reported that exposure to 25 ppm (125 mg/m 3 ) to a complex solvent composed of TMB isomers for 4 h was well tolerated by volunteers.…”

Section: Observations In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aromatic constituents, primarily trimethylbenzene isomers, are primarily excreted in the urine as the dimethylbenzoic and/or dimethylhippuric derivatives of the parent molecules (Fukaya et al 1994, Ichiba et al 1992, Jarnberg et al 1996, 1997a, b, Jarnberg and Johanson 1998, Jones et al 2006, Kostrzewski et al 1997, Kostrzeweski and Wiaderna-Brycht 1995.…”

Section: Toxicokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Occupational exposure recommendations for these solvents are based primarily on the need to minimize discomfort (Battig et al 1956, Carpenter et al 1977a, Gerarde 1960, Nau et al 1966. Volunteer studies (Jarnberg et al 1996, Jones et al 2006, Kostrzewski et al 1997) confirm that at current occupational exposure levels (20-25 ppm, 100-125 mg/m 3 ) there is no evidence for discomfort or acute CNS effects. In repeated dose studies in animals, there is little if any evidence of systemic effects or pathological changes, but inflammatory responses in the respiratory tract have been observed (Carpenter et al 1977a, Clark et al 1989, Korsak et al 2000a, 2000b, Nau et al 1966, Swiercz et al 2000.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Observations In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toxicokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Aromatic Hydrocarbons—Benzene and Other Alkylbenzenes

Kerzic

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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Benzene and its alkyl derivatives are monocyclic aromatic compounds (arenes). The compounds are of considerable economic importance as industrial raw materials, solvents, and components of innumerable commercial and consumer products, and as precursors in the production of drugs, plastics, synthetic rubber, and dyes. The aromatics differ vastly in chemical, physical, and biological characteristics from the aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons. The aromatics are typically more toxic to humans and other mammals than are the aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons; toxic effects of prime importance are the toxicity of benzene to the hematopoietic system resulting in aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and acute myeloid leukemias (AML) as a result of chronic exposures, and central nervous system effects with acute exposures for the class. The simplest single‐ring aromatic hydrocarbon compound is benzene, the nonsubstituted ring system. When one methyl group is attached to the ring, methylbenzene or toluene is formed, and with two attached methyl groups, dimethylbenzene or xylene is formed. Xylene occurs in three isomeric forms: ortho (1,2)‐, meta (1,3)‐, and para (1,4)‐dimethylbenzene. Other important substituted benzenes are phenol (hydroxy‐) and aniline (amino‐). The hemimellitenes and mesitylenes possess three methyl groups, durene four, and the penta and hexamethylbenzenes, five and six methyl groups, respectively. Other industrially important compounds are ethylbenzene and isopropylbenzene or cumene.

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Aromatic Hydrocarbons—Benzene and Other Alkylbenzenes

Henderson¹

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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Benzene and its alkyl derivatives are monocyclic aromatic compounds (arenes). The compounds are of considerable economic importance as industrial raw materials, solvents, and components of innumerable commercial and consumer products. The aromatics differ vastly in chemical, physical, and biologic characteristics from the aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons. The aromatics are more toxic to humans and other mammals; of prime importance are ( 1 ) the hematopoietic toxicity of benzene resulting in aplastic anemia in humans and other mammalian species, ( 2 ) benzene‐induced leukemia in humans, and ( 3 ) the cerebellar lesions and loss of central nervous system (CNS) integrative functions in “glue sniffers” exposed to high levels of toluene. The simplest single‐ring aromatic hydrocarbon compound is benzene, the nonsubstituted ring system. When one methyl group is attached to the ring, toluene is formed, and with two attached methyl groups, xylene is formed. Xylene occurs in three isomeric forms. The hemimellitines and mesitylenes possess three methyl groups, durene four, and the penta‐ and hexamethylbenzenes, five and six methyl groups, respectively. Other industrially important compounds are ethylbenzene and isopropylbenzene or cumene.

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Toxicokinetics of Inhaled Trimethylbenzenes in Man

Cited by 44 publications

References 70 publications

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

Aromatic Hydrocarbons—Benzene and Other Alkylbenzenes

Aromatic Hydrocarbons—Benzene and Other Alkylbenzenes

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