Toxicokinetics of Malathion in Larval Stages of the Toad Bufo arenarum (Hensel): Effect of Exogenous Spermidine

Venturino, Andrés; Gauna, Lidia; Bergoc, Rosa; D’Angelo, Alessandra

doi:10.1006/pest.2001.2550

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This is in line with the protective role classically attributed to CabEs on AChE activity, having more affinity for organophosphate binding and acting as a suicide molecule that avoids cholinesterase inactivation (Jokanović 2001;Ferrari et al 2011). Although we did not find oxidative stress induction as reported by other authors (Liendro et al 2015;Sotomayor et al 2015), we report an increase in GST activity as a detoxifying enzyme (Venturino et al 2001). In turn, GST induction might be associated with an antioxidant response that could prevent oxidative stress signs (Sotomayor et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

“…Each experimental unit consisting of 5 tadpoles per chamber was independently homogenized in 3 mL of 143 mM cold potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) with 6.3 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and stored at –20 °C until processing. The following biomarkers were selected considering frequently used biochemical markers in anurans: 1) esterase activity (Venturino et al 2001) in supernatants of 10 000 g : a) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, b) carboxylesterase (CabE) activity; 2) oxidative stress markers in crude homogenates: a) glutathione (GSH) levels, including reduced acid‐soluble thiols (Venturino et al 2001), b) lipid peroxide levels by thiobarbituric acid test (Venturino et al 2001); and 3) antioxidant enzymes kinetically measured in postmitochondrial supernatants at 10 000 g : a) catalase (CAT) activity (Beers and Sizer 1952; Ferrari et al 2008), b) glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity (Habig et al 1974; Anguiano et al 2001).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitivity of Boana pulchella (Anura: Hylidae) Tadpoles to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Chlorpyrifos: Effects at the Individual and Biochemical Levels

Barreto

Costa

Demetrio

et al. 2020

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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We report sublethal effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of chlorpyrifos at the individual (swimming alterations) and biochemical (esterase activities and antioxidant enzymes) levels in the Montevideo tree frog Boana pulchella larvae. The 50% lethal concentration at 96 h (LC50‐96h) for chlorpyrifos in stage‐29 B. pulchella tadpoles was 0.98 mg/L, which was close to the 65th percentile of published anuran species sensitivity. In B. pulchella, chlorpyrifos disrupted biochemical processes: tadpoles showed a significant inhibition of esterase activity and a significant induction of antioxidant enzymes, indicating a response to an environmental challenge causing oxidative stress. Using principal components analysis, we could associate chlorpyrifos reduction in esterase activity with swimming alterations at 0.5 mg/L of the toxicant. The biochemical biomarkers reported in the present study respond at levels 20 times lower than the LC50‐96h and were associated with a biologically important response—swimming behavior. The link of responses across different levels of biological organization was demonstrated. The species is suitable as a model for ecotoxicological studies at different levels, including the individual and biochemical levels, and may be considered a good reference organism in environmental control programs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:834–841. © 2020 SETAC

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity of Boana pulchella (Anura: Hylidae) Tadpoles to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Chlorpyrifos: Effects at the Individual and Biochemical Levels

Barreto

Costa

Demetrio

et al. 2020

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…However, the toxicokinetics of malathion has been reported in other species. Anuran larvae exposed to malathion in water had a comparable elimination rate, 0.0204/h, but a substantially faster absorption rate, 0.1598/min, than we found for Lumbricus [33]. Malathion is moderately hydrophobic, which can result in an increased rate of absorption from an aqueous medium in comparison to absorption from soil and the cutaneous structure of amphibian larvae is distinctly different from that of Lumbricus.…”

Section: Toxicokinetics Of Malathioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Development of a Dynamic Pharmacokinetic Model to Estimate Bioconcentration of Xenobiotics in Earthworms

Henson-Ramsey

Levine

Kennedy‐Stoskopf

et al. 2007

Environ Model Assess

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A simple and dynamic pharmacokinetic model was developed to predict bioconcentration of organic contaminants in earthworms. The model was parameterized experimentally by placing Lumbricus terrestris in soil contaminated with 200 µg/cm 2 of malathion. The toxicokinetics of malathion uptake, depuration, and degradation in soil is measured. After parameterization, the model was able to accurately predict the bioconcentration factor of malathion at steady state. Sensitivity analyses were performed and the rate of absorption was determined to be the most sensitive parameter. Varying the rate of malathion elimination from earthworm tissues, malathion degradation, and the amount of malathion applied to the soil by 25-fold did not result in the bioconcentration of malathion. An increase in the rate of malathion absorption into earthworm tissues by 25-fold did result in bioconcentration. Previously published pharmacokinetic studies on xenobiotics with log K ow values ranging up to 8.05 were used to test the predictive capacity of the model. The model was able to predict from 83% to 105% of the experimentally derived bioconcentration factors.

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“…However, the oxidative stress is overcome, as there is no effect on lipid peroxidation, and the ratio of reduced versus total glutathione does not change. GSH consumption is associated in this case with malathion demethylation through GST activity, which is not altered by malathion exposure in larvae (48 h) and accounts for 16% of the detoxification of this pesticide [43]. The stage-dependent increase in GSH-related antioxidant protection in the larvae is able to overcome the impact of malathion on oxidative stress in spite of the partial inactivation of GR and CAT proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Changes in the antioxidant metabolism in the embryonic development of the common South American toad Bufo arenarum: Differential responses to pesticide in early embryos and autonomous‐feeding larvae

Ferrari

Anguiano

Lascano

et al. 2008

J Biochem & Molecular Tox

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Amphibians may be critically challenged by aquatic contaminants during their embryonic development. Many classes of compounds, including organophosphorus pesticides, are able to cause oxidative stress that affects the delicate cellular redox balance regulating tissue modeling. We determined the progression of antioxidant defenses during the embryonic development of the South American common toad, Bufo arenarum. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were high in the unfertilized eggs, and remained constant during the first stages of development. SOD showed a significant increase when the gills were completely active and opercular folds began to form. Reductase (GR) activity was low in the oocytes and increased significantly when gills and mouth were entirely developed and the embryos presented a higher exposure to pro-oxidant conditions suggesting an environmental control. Reduced glutathione (GSH) content was also initially low, and rose continuously pointing out an increasing participation of GSH-related enzymes in the control of oxidative stress. GSH peroxidases and GSH-S-transferases showed relatively high and constant activities, probably related to lipid peroxide control. B. arenarum embryos have plenty of yolk platelets containing lipids, which provide the energy and are actively transferred to the newly synthesized membranes during the early embryonic development. Exposure to the pro-oxidant pesticide malathion during 48 h did not significantly affect the activity of antioxidant enzymes in early embryos, but decreased the activities of CAT, GR, and the pool of GSH in larvae. Previous work indicated that lipid peroxide levels were kept low in malathion-exposed larvae, thus we conclude that oxidative stress is overcome by the antioxidant defenses. The increase in the antioxidant metabolism observed in the posthatching phase of development of B. arenarum embryo, thus constitutes a defense against natural and human-generated pro-oxidants present in the aquatic environment.

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Toxicokinetics of Malathion in Larval Stages of the Toad Bufo arenarum (Hensel): Effect of Exogenous Spermidine

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

Sensitivity of Boana pulchella (Anura: Hylidae) Tadpoles to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Chlorpyrifos: Effects at the Individual and Biochemical Levels

Sensitivity of Boana pulchella (Anura: Hylidae) Tadpoles to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Chlorpyrifos: Effects at the Individual and Biochemical Levels

Development of a Dynamic Pharmacokinetic Model to Estimate Bioconcentration of Xenobiotics in Earthworms

Changes in the antioxidant metabolism in the embryonic development of the common South American toad Bufo arenarum: Differential responses to pesticide in early embryos and autonomous‐feeding larvae

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