Toxicologic studies of four fluorescent whitening agents

Keplinger, M.L.; Fancher, Otis E.; Lyman, Frank L.; Calandra, J.C.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(74)90029-5

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…They were present in 21 of the detergents but at such low concentrations that the combined TU for all brighteners in a detergent never exceeded 0.003 and were never responsible for more than 0.6% of the measured toxicity of a detergent. No toxicity data for other crustaceans were available in the literature; however, data were available for channel cat"sh and rainbow trout (Keplinger et al, 1974). For the biphenyl distyryl derivative and the bis-(triazinylamino)-stilbene sulfonic acid derivative, C. cf.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of Laundry Detergent Components to a Freshwater Cladoceran and Their Contribution to Detergent Toxicity

Warne

Schifko

1999

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of Laundry Detergent Components to a Freshwater Cladoceran and Their Contribution to Detergent Toxicity

Warne

Schifko

1999

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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“…Even though chitin comprises the innermost of three layers in cell walls of dermatophytes such as T. rubrum (outer layer β–glucans, second layer galactomannan, inner layer chitin), differing from those of yeast such as C. albicans (outer layer mannoprotein, inner layers β–glucans and chitin), the staining pattern for fluorescent brighteners 220 and 119 indicates that binding predominantly occurs at the chitin layer, causing substantial perturbation of the entire cell wall layer ultrastructure [17]. Fluorescent brighteners are considered nontoxic to mammals, verified by comprehensive toxicology studies performed due to the extensive use of these products in the textile industry (eg [22], [23]). Therefore, fluorescent brighteners may have utility as topical drug treatments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Calcofluor White Combination Antifungal Treatments for Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans

2012

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Superficial mycoses caused by dermatophyte fungi are among the most common infections worldwide, yet treatment is restricted by limited effective drugs available, drug toxicity, and emergence of drug resistance. The stilbene fluorescent brightener calcofluor white (CFW) inhibits fungi by binding chitin in the cell wall, disrupting cell wall integrity, and thus entails a different mechanism of inhibition than currently available antifungal drugs. To identify novel therapeutic options for the treatment of skin infections, we compared the sensitivity of representative strains of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans to CFW and a panel of fluorescent brighteners and phytoalexin compounds. We identified the structurally related stilbene fluorescent brighteners 71, 85, 113 and 134 as fungicidal to both T. rubrum and C. albicans to a similar degree as CFW, and the stilbene phytoalexins pinosylvan monomethyl ether and pterostilbene inhibited to a lesser degree, allowing us to develop a structure-activity relationship for fungal inhibition. Given the abilities of CFW to absorb UV 365 nm and bind specifically to fungal cell walls, we tested whether CFW combined with UV 365 nm irradiation would be synergistic to fungi and provide a novel photodynamic treatment option. However, while both treatments individually were cytocidal, UV 365 nm irradiation reduced sensitivity to CFW, which we attribute to CFW photoinactivation. We also tested combination treatments of CFW with other fungal inhibitors and identified synergistic interactions between CFW and some ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors in C. albicans . Therefore, our studies identify novel fungal inhibitors and drug interactions, offering promise for combination topical treatment regimes for superficial mycoses.

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“…One week after challenge, Blankophor in saline was injected Fig. The LD 50 of four orally applied brighteners in mice and rats was greater than 5 g kg ¼ 1 [12] and the acute LD 5 0 of a suspended in glucose yeast extract broth containing Lcysteine (2 m g ml ¼ 1 ). The animal was sacri ced 1 h after intravenous Blankophor injection.…”

Section: Histoplasmosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Glucans and chitin are abundant in the fungal cell wall. Although data on the acute toxicity of parenterally applied optical brighteners are scarce, a high tolerance to such compounds by orally fed rodents and monkeys has been observed [11,12]. Among the macromolecules of the warm blooded host, some binding of brighteners to elastic bers is to be expected, which is enhanced in paraf n-xed tissue but can be reduced by counter-staining with Evans blue [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vital staining of fungal elements in deep-seated mycotic lesions during experimental murine mycoses using the parenterally applied optical brightener Blankophor

Rüchel

Schaffrinski²,

Seshan³

et al. 2000

Med Mycol

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Optical brighteners of the diaminostilbene type are fluorescent dyes which are popular diagnostic tools in the mycology laboratory. While these dyes are conventionally used for the in vitro diagnosis of mycoses, their low toxicity and chemical reactivity have led us to investigate their potential use for in vivo staining of fungal elements in mycotic tissue. In mice we have established deep-seated candidiasis, cryptococcosis, aspergillosis and zygomycosis, as well as coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. After establishment of infection, which mostly required immunosuppression, a single dose of 100 microl of an aqueous solution (2.2 x 10(-4) M) of the optical brightener Blankophor P fluessig (4,4'-Bis [(4-anilino-6-substituted-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl) amino] stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid) was injected by the tail vein and the animals were sacrificed 1 h later. Sections of freshly prepared target organs were directly subjected to epifluorescence microscopy using an appropriate filter kit. In most cases, fluorescent fungal elements could be detected in the murine tissue. There was little evidence for uptake of the dye by non-infected tissues. It is suggested that radioactive labeling may render parenteral Blankophor suitable for radiographic localization of deep-seated mycotic foci in the host.

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Toxicologic studies of four fluorescent whitening agents

Cited by 23 publications

References 17 publications

Toxicity of Laundry Detergent Components to a Freshwater Cladoceran and Their Contribution to Detergent Toxicity

Toxicity of Laundry Detergent Components to a Freshwater Cladoceran and Their Contribution to Detergent Toxicity

Calcofluor White Combination Antifungal Treatments for Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans

Vital staining of fungal elements in deep-seated mycotic lesions during experimental murine mycoses using the parenterally applied optical brightener Blankophor

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