Toxicological analysis of satratoxins, the main toxins in the mushroom Trichoderma cornu-damae, in human serum and mushroom samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

Purpose Many poisoning cases involving the deadly toxic mushroom Trichoderma cornu-damae have been reported, but there are very few reports on toxicological analysis of the poisoning. In this study, a simple and sensitive method was developed for detecting and quantifying satratoxins, which are the main toxins found in T. cornu-damae, in human serum and mushroom samples. Methods The four main toxins, namely, satratoxin H and its 12′-acetate, 13′-acetate and 12′,13′-diacetate, were isolated from T. cornu-damae and used as analytical standards. These standards were spiked into human serum and effective methods were developed for extraction and detection/quantification using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Quantification of satratoxins in T. cornu-damae samples was performed by the standard addition method. Results Although satratoxins, which have neutral terpene structures, showed very low sensitivities in conventional LC–MS/MS analysis, they could be detected with enough sensitivity by our developed method. In human serum, the limit of detection was 0.1 ng/mL and the limit of quantification was 1 ng/mL for all four satratoxins. The recovery rate ranged from 70.5 to 86.6%, and the coefficients of determination for calibration curves were > 0.999. Satratoxins in T. cornu-damae samples were also well detected and quantified with coefficients of determination for calibration curves of > 0.997 and intraday/interday precision (relative standard deviation) ranging from 2.98 to 10.3%. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of toxicological analysis of satratoxins using analytical standards.

Edible Mushrooms for Sustainable and Healthy Human Food: Nutritional and Medicinal Attributes

“…Poisonous mushrooms are considered a significant cause of "emergency medicine" when they cause mycotoxicity [198]. Poisonous mushrooms contain a variety of various toxins such as satratoxins [200], muscarine, amanitin, gyromitrin, ibotenic acid, orellanine, and russuphelins, which can differ markedly in their toxicity (Table 2). It is not easy to demarcate between edible and poisonous mushroom species because there are several cultivated and edible wild species that have dual potential health benefits and toxic compounds [198].…”

“…Many studies using tumor-bearing animals, cultured cancer cells, and clinical trials are required to investigate these mechanisms [202]. Several poisoning cases resulting from deadly toxic mushrooms such as Trichoderma cornudamae have been reported (Table 3), but toxicological analyses of these poisonings are still rare [200]. Cytotoxic mushroom poisoning may result from toxins of α-amanitin, amanitin, and orellanine, and their mechanisms may include (1) liver damage 1-3 days after ingestion due to hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects (such as mushrooms of Amanita phalloides, A. virosa, A. verna, A. exitialis); (2) gastrointestinal disturbances and liver and renal failure (such as Amanita verna, Lepiota helveola, and Galerina marginata); (3) kidney failure or early primary nephrotoxicity (Amanita smithiana, and A. pseudoporphyria); and (4) delayed primary nephrotoxicity (Cortinarius orellanus, and C. rubellus).…”