Toxicological and chemical assessment of ordnance compounds in marine sediments and porewaters

Nipper, Marion; Carr, R. Scott; Biedenbach, James M.; Hooten, Russell L.; Miller, Karen D.

doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00063-2

Cited by 51 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Porewater toxicity testing with sea urchin embryos (and by extension, bivalve embryos) has been described as significantly more sensitive than common whole-sediment tests (Nipper and Carr, 2001;Carr et al, 1996a), and provides "an indication of potential sublethal effects which could otherwise not be analyzed" (Nipper et al, 2002). Carr et al (2001a) comment that porewater toxicity testing should be included in a SQT approach, in part, because "porewater toxicity testing may be an order of magnitude more sensitive than whole-sediment toxicity testing, which allows for further investigation for those sediments that may be causing more complex changes to the benthic community.…”

Section: Sensitivity Of Porewater Toxicity Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additional lines of evidence, such as critical body residue data (i.e., demonstrating that elevated COPC concentrations are accumulated by the test organisms), or TIE (i.e., identifying the toxic agent through iterative toxicity testing of samples with varying chemical manipulations) should also be considered. Concluding that porewater testing in general is more sensitive than other test methods (e.g., Carr et al, 2001a) is inappropriate, based on the available data-for example, Nipper et al (2002) found that the sea urchin larval development test using porewater was the least sensitive of four test species (one bedded-sediment and three porewater) used to evaluate the toxicity of ordnance compounds in marine sediment. The sensitivity of porewater toxicity testing is likely a sample-and COPC-specific property, and should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.…”

Section: Sensitivity Of Porewater Toxicity Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of porewater and elutriate bivalve larval development toxicity testing in a sediment quality triad framework

McDonald

2005

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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The magnitude and extent of contaminated marine sediment are frequently assessed using a Sediment Quality Triad framework involving multiple toxicity tests using a variety of species, toxicological endpoints and exposure systems. Data are integrated into an overall assessment of sediment quality using a weight of evidence approach. Guidance on the selection of appropriate toxicity tests recommends a wide range of organism type, life-cycle, exposure route, and feeding type be includedporewater bivalve larval development tests increases the number of exposure routes under consideration.Interpretation of porewater toxicity data are subject to limitations, in part, related to the extensive chemical manipulations associated with the extraction of in situ anoxic porewater and the subsequent aeration required for the laboratory-based toxicity test. The ability of the porewater-only test to represent ecologically relevant adverse effects in the field appears minimal. Results from concurrent porewater and elutriate toxicity testing using newly fertilized larvae of the bivalve, Mytilus galloprovincialis are provided to illustrate these problems. Porewater samples were consistently more toxic than the corresponding elutriate sample, and ammonia, a common confounding factor in sediment toxicology, was identified as the most likely toxic agent for the majority of samples.Porewater toxicity testing using M galloprovincialis is therefore not recommended as a routine element of the sediment quality triad unless additional chemistry (samples used for testing as well as in situ) are available to facilitate an appropriate interpretation of the resulting toxicity data. DEDICATIONFor all the support and understanding from my beloved wife, Elana.

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Section: Sensitivity Of Porewater Toxicity Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sensitivity Of Porewater Toxicity Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of porewater and elutriate bivalve larval development toxicity testing in a sediment quality triad framework

McDonald

2005

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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“…1) (e.g. Hawker & Connell 1985, 1986, Connell 1988, Coats et al 1989, Connell & Bycroft 1990, Just et al 1990, De la Torre et al 1995, Murphy et al 1995, Karrupiah & Gupta 1996, Hamer et al 1999, Mortimer et al 1999, Chu & Chan 2000, Anderson et al 2001, Hendriks et al 2001, Nipper et al 2002, Fent 2003. While the diffusion model is based on principles of physical chemistry that have been validated for abiotic environments, it is of limited value when applied to biota because it does not allow for the biological membrane's ability to isolate and regulate substance uptake, nor its capacity to actively export substances, including many toxins (see later subsection 'Why diffusion is not the process …').…”

Section: Theory and Application Of 'Diffusion Model' In Ecotoxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hawker & Connell 1985, 1986,b, Connell et al 1988a,b, Markwell et al 1989, Connell 1990, Connell & Bycroft 1990, Di Toro et al 1991, Murphy et al 1995, Skoglund et al 1996, Van Beelan & Fleuren-Kemila 1997, Hamer et al 1999, Camusso et al 2000, Collavini et al 2000, Peso-Aguiar et al 2000, Berglund et al 2001, Nipper et al 2002. For aquatic ecosystems, it has been stated that: 'With the exception of a limited number of highly lipophilic pollutants, waterborn exposure is considered the most relevant exposure route for aquatic organisms … some consider … only the dissolved fraction is bioavailable for pelagic organisms' (Carbonell et al 2000, p. 107), and that '… pore water provides a direct measure of contaminant exposure to aquatic organisms because it incorporates the physical and chemical parameters that affect bioavailability' (Nipper 2000).…”

Section: Theory and Application Of 'Diffusion Model' In Ecotoxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The corollary is that only pollutant solutes are available for uptake by living organisms (e.g. Chiou et al 1982, Hawker & Connell 1985, 1986,b, Connell 1988, 1990, Markwell et al 1989, Di Toro et al 1990, Just et al 1990, Stenerson 1992, De la Torre et al 1995, Karrupiah & Gupta 1996, Skoglund et al 1996, Mitra & Dickhut 1999, Carbonell et al 2000, Chu & Chan 2000, Nipper et al 2002, Williamson et al 2002, Fent 2003. This assumption ignores an inherent primary function of the bilayer of the biological membrane -that it is an impermeable barrier which isolates any living unit (organelle, cell or living organism) from its external environment (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protein model for pollutant uptake and elimination by living organisms and its implications for ecotoxicology

Quinnell¹,

Hulsman²,

Davie³

2004

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The conceptual model on which chemical assessment of pollutants is based is flawed. The assumption in ecotoxicology -that pollutants cross the biological membrane only by passive diffusion of their solute phase (diffusion model) and thus, that only water-soluble pollutants are biologically available -is inconsistent with the biologists' understanding of the role and functioning of the biological membrane. The biological membrane both isolates organisms, cells and organelles from their external environments and regulates cross-membrane trafficking of polar and non-polar substances. Trafficking regulation is a function of proteins dissolved within the membrane. An alternative protein model for pollutant uptake and elimination is proposed that provides a credible explanation of how solid-phase pollutants, such as those bound to aquatic sediments and soils, may be readily incorporated by living organisms. Current chemical testing is likely to underestimate the risk posed to organisms by sediment and soil-bound pollutants. New techniques for assessing the bioavailability and impacts of pollutants, based on the protein model, are urgently needed.

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Development and Application of Sediment Toxicity Tests for Regulatory Purposes

Hartl¹,

Pelt²,

O’Halloran³

2004

Water Encyclopedia

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Undisturbed sediments tend to accumulate many chemical compounds, and so act as both as sinks of sources of contaminants. Currently, the ecotoxicological assessment of sediments is mainly restricted to chemical analysis and acute toxicity testing using microorganisms. Sediments are not homogenous, but are composed of whole sediment, sediment‐water interface, pore water, and elutriate. Examination of any single sediment phase may be insufficient to give an accurate ecotoxicological assessment. A comprehensive assessment of potential sediment toxicity requires the consideration of multiple exposure phases and multiple test models representing different trophic levels. We recommend that sediment toxicity assessments should be further developed and evaluated to be used in a tiered approach, consisting of screening using short‐term general toxicity tests (Tier 1); hazard identification applying more specific (multiple) endpoints in multiorganism experiments, representing different trophic levels and habitats associated with sediments, as well as different modes of bioavailability by using both sediment extracts and whole sediments (Tier 2); and in situ ecosystem function, e.g., lifetime reproductive success, and components of biodiversity (Tier 3). Here we summarize some of the key sediment toxicity test systems in use and/or under development.

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Toxicological and chemical assessment of ordnance compounds in marine sediments and porewaters

Cited by 51 publications

References 30 publications

Comparison of porewater and elutriate bivalve larval development toxicity testing in a sediment quality triad framework

Comparison of porewater and elutriate bivalve larval development toxicity testing in a sediment quality triad framework

Protein model for pollutant uptake and elimination by living organisms and its implications for ecotoxicology

Development and Application of Sediment Toxicity Tests for Regulatory Purposes

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