Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army

Williams, Marc A.; Reddy, Gunda; Quinn, Michael J.; Bell, Amy Millikan

doi:10.1080/01480545.2021.1905657

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 194 publications

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“…Nicotine is richly present in tobacco products. Nicotine is one of the many thousands of compounds present in cigarette smoke and is commonly found in ENDS [87]. CS and ENDS produce nicotine boli which are transported to the central nervous system and activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) [87], present throughout the body.…”

Section: The Role Of Nicotine In Mitochondrial Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations of Mitochondrial Network by Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Vaping

Kanithi

Junapudi²,

Shah

et al. 2022

Cells

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Toxins present in cigarette and e-cigarette smoke constitute a significant cause of illnesses and are known to have fatal health impacts. Specific mechanisms by which toxins present in smoke impair cell repair are still being researched and are of prime interest for developing more effective treatments. Current literature suggests toxins present in cigarette smoke and aerosolized e-vapor trigger abnormal intercellular responses, damage mitochondrial function, and consequently disrupt the homeostasis of the organelle’s biochemical processes by increasing reactive oxidative species. Increased oxidative stress sets off a cascade of molecular events, disrupting optimal mitochondrial morphology and homeostasis. Furthermore, smoking-induced oxidative stress may also amalgamate with other health factors to contribute to various pathophysiological processes. An increasing number of studies show that toxins may affect mitochondria even through exposure to secondhand or thirdhand smoke. This review assesses the impact of toxins present in tobacco smoke and e-vapor on mitochondrial health, networking, and critical structural processes, including mitochondria fission, fusion, hyper-fusion, fragmentation, and mitophagy. The efforts are focused on discussing current evidence linking toxins present in first, second, and thirdhand smoke to mitochondrial dysfunction.

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Section: The Role Of Nicotine In Mitochondrial Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations of Mitochondrial Network by Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Vaping

Kanithi

Junapudi²,

Shah

et al. 2022

Cells

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“…Our study suggests a role of smoking in the relationship between mtDNA and psychiatric disorders. Nicotine, a primary constituent of cigarettes, permeates the central nervous 7 Depression and Anxiety system and triggers nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) distributed throughout the body [33]. This interaction between nicotine and nAChRs affects the mitochondrial dynamics of hippocampal neurons [34].…”

Section: Depression and Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Interplay between Mitochondrial DNA and Lifestyle Factors in the Pathogenesis of Psychiatric Disorders

Wei,

Cheng,

Zhao

et al. 2024

Depression and Anxiety

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The objectives of this study were to investigate the interaction of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and lifestyle factors in the development of psychiatric disorders and to gain greater insight into their pathogenesis and comorbidity. We analyzed data from approximately 150,000 individuals from the UK Biobank. Mitochondrial gene-by-environment interaction studies (mtGEIS) were performed to assess the relationships between mtDNA and psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and self-harm. These disorders were defined using diagnostic and severity indicators derived from the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Smoking and drinking behaviors were characterized based on UK Biobank criteria. For the mtGEIS, logistic and linear regression models from PLINK 2.0 were employed, accounting for covariates like age, sex, PC1-10, Townsend Deprivation Index (TDI), and educational attainment. We also conducted sex-stratified analyses to detect any gender-specific effects. Our findings highlighted significant associations between mtDNA and three psychiatric disorders. Moreover, the interplay between mtDNA and lifestyle factors showed significant associations with psychiatric disorders (all P values < 0.05). Specifically, two mutant loci, T5004C (BAnx_self=−0.0026, BDep_self=−0.0024, BSelf−harm=−0.0018) and G9123A (BAnx_self=−0.0030, BDep_self=−0.0024, BSelf−harm=−0.0017), were found to reduce the risk of three disorders after interacting with alcohol. Sex-specific differences were also observed. In summary, the expression of mitochondrial genes could be modulated by lifestyle factors like smoking and drinking, potentially affecting psychiatric disorders. These habits might influence mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and the replication and transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial genes, culminating in changes in mitochondrial functionality and subsequently psychiatric disorders.

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“…Still other ENDS products allow users to add customized flavorants, supplements, cannabinoids, recreational drugs of abuse, or even Viagra or Cialis to e-cigarette devices. 10 Cannabis oil has been associated with acute lung injury in several case studies, 11 and pulmonary delivery of these compounds may pose unknown risks. Glycols are common constituents of e-liquids, which are not approved for inhalational exposures since they are upper airway irritants that cause respiratory, throat, and nose irritation.…”

Section: Safety Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, there is significant uncertainty about the chemical components of many commercially available e-liquids. Still other ENDS products allow users to add customized flavorants, supplements, cannabinoids, recreational drugs of abuse, or even Viagra or Cialis to e-cigarette devices 10. Cannabis oil has been associated with acute lung injury in several case studies,11 and pulmonary delivery of these compounds may pose unknown risks.…”

Section: Safety Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commentary: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems

Sissung

Figg

2022

Family &Amp; Community Health

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HE PUBLIC has become increasingly aware that tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease and death in the United States (US), and the tobacco industry has been highly successful at circumventing resulting antitobacco sentiment through well-funded marketing efforts. Despite scientific evidence, new and current tobacco users still perceive marketing terms such as "light," "natural," or "additive free" to indicate that these products are safer alternatives to conventional cigarettes. 1 The tobacco industry has again spent hundreds of millions of US dollars advertising electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; eg, e-cigarettes), which has resulted in the public impression that ENDS are a safe alternative to smoking. 2 The result has been sea change in which new nicotine users, who tend to be young, prefer using ENDS over conventional cigarettes. Numerous current and former smokers are also transitioning to these products to reduce lifetime risk exposure or quit smoking. 2 How did this happen? Is there a scientific basis for the safety of ENDS and the efficacy of using ENDS for smoking cessation? What are the potential risks and benefits? TYPES OF ENDSENDS are grouped by generations: first-generation devices ("cig-a-likes") are prefilled cartridges, second-generation devices ("vape pens") are refillable tank models, and third-generation devices are refillable tank models that allow users to adjust the wattage of the product. 3 The latter products provide users with the option to select various flavors and nicotine concentrations. Flavored or unflavored pod devices that use varying concentrations of a nicotine salt are also highly popular,

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Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army

Cited by 6 publications

References 194 publications

Alterations of Mitochondrial Network by Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Vaping

Alterations of Mitochondrial Network by Cigarette Smoking and E-Cigarette Vaping

Exploring the Interplay between Mitochondrial DNA and Lifestyle Factors in the Pathogenesis of Psychiatric Disorders

Commentary: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems

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