Toxicological Comparisons of Three Styles of a Commercial U.S. Cigarette (Marlboro®) with the 1R4F Reference Cigarette

Patskan, G.; Podraza, Kenneth F.; Meurrens, Kris; Coggins, Christopher R. E.; Friedrichs, Bärbel; Gerstenberg, Birgit; Gomm, Willy; Schnell, Peter; Stabbert, Regina; Veltel, Detlef J.; Weber, Susanne; Terpstra, Piter

doi:10.1080/08958370801935174

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…We identified 14 published studies that met the data inclusion criteria (Adams et al, 1987;Brunnemann and Hoffmann, 1991;Brunnemann et al, 1996;Counts et al, 2005Counts et al, , 2006Djordjevic et al, 1991;Hecht et al, 1979;Hoffmann et al, 1979Hoffmann et al, , 1982Patskan et al, 2008;Roemer et al, 2004;Stepanov et al, 2012;Swauger et al, 2002). Table 1 presents cigarette product identifications, levels of MS smoke tar (mg/cigarette), NNK (ng/cigarette), and NNN (ng/cigarette), and sources of the data presented in this review.…”

Section: Tsna Levels In Ms Smoke: 35 Years Of Datamentioning

confidence: 96%

TSNA levels in machine-generated mainstream cigarette smoke: 35years of data

Appleton

Olegario

Lipowicz

2013

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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This paper characterizes historical and current tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNA) levels in mainstream (MS) cigarette smoke of US commercial cigarettes. To conduct this analysis, we gathered 35 years of published data of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) levels in MS cigarette smoke. We also assessed internal data of MS smoke NNK and NNN levels generated from various market monitoring initiatives and from control cigarettes used in a multi-year program for testing cigarette ingredients. In all, we analyzed machine smoking data from 401 cigarette samples representing a wide range of products and design characteristics from multiple manufacturers and market leaders. There was no indication that TSNA levels systematically increased in cigarette MS smoke over the 35-year analysis period. In particular, TSNA levels expressed as either per cigarette or normalized for tar suggest a downward trend in MS smoke over the past 10 years. The apparent downward trend in TSNA levels in MS smoke may reflect industry and agricultural community efforts to reduce levels of TSNAs in tobacco and cigarette smoke.

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Section: Tsna Levels In Ms Smoke: 35 Years Of Datamentioning

confidence: 96%

TSNA levels in machine-generated mainstream cigarette smoke: 35years of data

Appleton

Olegario

Lipowicz

2013

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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“…Briefly, twenty mice were exposed to the CS of five cigarettes (Marlboro® Lights, whose toxicity is similar to the 1R4F reference cigarette from University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY [17]) four times a day with 30-minute smoke-free intervals. The CS exposure animals were divided into two subgroups that endured 5 days per week for 4 weeks (sub-acute exposure, initiate CS exposure at 26 to 28 weeks old) or 24 weeks (chronic exposure, initiate CS exposure at 6 to 8 weeks old).…”

Section: Smoke Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Imbalance of Th17/Treg cells in mice with chronic cigarette smoke exposure

Wang

Peng

Weng

et al. 2012

International Immunopharmacology

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“…As noted in studies using commercial cigarettes (Patskan et al, 2008), a large proportion of the list of smoke constituents were not detectable even with current analytical methodologies. These modern methodologies have extremely low limits for both detection and quantification (fractions of a nanogram per cigarette for most of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), indicating that the compounds were effectively absent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%