Toxicological effects of ingested nanocellulose in <i>in vitro</i> intestinal epithelium and <i>in vivo</i> rat models

DeLoid, Glen M.; Cao, Xiaoqiong; Molina, Ramon M.; Silva, Daniel Imbassahy de Sa Bittencourt de Camara e; Bhattacharya, Kunal; Ng, Kee Woei; Loo, Say Chye Joachim; Brain, Joseph D.; Demokritou, Philip

doi:10.1039/c9en00184k

Cited by 115 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…[30] Still, there are knowledge gaps regarding the toxicokinetics of ingested ENMs following absorption from the GIT, their acute and chronic effects on the gastrointestinal barrier, and their toxicodynamics, including biotransformations as they undergo digestion. Food matrix may further modulate the response of biological systems to ingested ENMs [31,32] and complicate the identification of physical and chemical alterations which might govern their toxicological impact. These alterations include biodissolution, [33] biomolecular corona formation, [34] and morphological changes, like agglomeration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Physicochemical Transformations of Size‐Sorted Graphene Oxide during Simulated Digestion and Its Toxicological Assessment against an In Vitro Model of the Human Intestinal Epithelium

Bitounis

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Cao

et al. 2020

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In the last decade, along with the increasing use of graphene oxide (GO) in various applications, there is also considerable interest in understanding its effects on human health. Only a few experimental approaches can simulate common routes of exposure, such as ingestion, due to the inherent complexity of the digestive tract. This study presents the synthesis of size‐sorted GO of sub‐micrometer‐ or micrometer‐sized lateral dimensions, its physicochemical transformations across mouth, gastric, and small intestinal simulated digestions, and its toxicological assessment against a physiologically relevant, in vitro cellular model of the human intestinal epithelium. Results from real‐time characterization of the simulated digestas of the gastrointestinal tract using multi‐angle laser diffraction and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy show that GO agglomerates in the gastric and small intestinal phase. Extensive morphological changes, such as folding, are also observed on GO following simulated digestion. Furthermore, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that GO presents covalently bound N‐containing groups on its surface. It is shown that the GO employed in this study undergoes reduction. Toxicological assessment of the GO small intestinal digesta over 24 h does not point to acute cytotoxicity, and examination of the intestinal epithelium under electron microscopy does not reveal histological alterations. Both sub‐micrometer‐ and micrometer‐sized GO variants elicit a 20% statistically significant increase in reactive oxygen species generation compared to the untreated control after a 6 h exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Physicochemical Transformations of Size‐Sorted Graphene Oxide during Simulated Digestion and Its Toxicological Assessment against an In Vitro Model of the Human Intestinal Epithelium

Bitounis

Parviz

Cao

et al. 2020

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“…According to their findings, no significant changes in cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen and monolayer integrity was observed. In addition, in vivo toxicity performed on rats gavaged with 1% w/w CNFs suspensions showed no significant differences in hematology, serum markers, or histology between controls and rats given CNFs [127]. Functionalized nanocellulose (carboxylated) has been reported as nontoxic substances.…”

Section: Biodegradability and Safetymentioning

confidence: 94%

Manufacturing of Food Packaging Based on Nanocellulose: Current Advances and Challenges

2020

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Nowadays, environmental pollution due to synthetic polymers represents one of the biggest worldwide challenges. As demonstrated in numerous scientific articles, plant-based nanocellulose (NC) is a biodegradable and nontoxic material whose mechanical, rheological, and gas barrier properties are competitive compared to those of oil-based plastics. However, the sensitivity of NC in humid ambient and lack of thermosealability have proven to be a major obstacle that hinders its breakthrough in various sectors including food packaging. In recent years, attempts have been made in order to provide a hydrophobic character to NC through chemical modifications. In addition, extensive works on nanocellulose applications in food packaging such as coating, layer-by-layer, casting, and electrospinning have been reported. Despite these enormous advances, it can easily be observed that packaging manufacturers have not yet shown a particular interest in terms of applicability and processability of the nanocellulose due to the lack of guidelines and guarantee on the success of their implementation. This review is useful for researchers and packaging manufacturers because it puts emphasis on recent works that have dealt with the nanocellulose applications and focuses on the best strategies to be adopted for swift and sustainable industrial manufacturing scale-up of high-performance bio-based/compostable packaging in replacement of the oil-based counterparts used today.

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“…For example, chitosan or cellulose are considered GRAS in micron scale. While nanocellulose indicate minimal cytotoxicity it still may have an impact over gut microbial population and alter intestinal function, by reducing nutrient absorption [ 251 , 252 , 253 ]. The use of nanomaterials in food packaging brings a series of advantages as direct antimicrobial activity, support for other antibacterial agents or sensors to detect food contaminants (mostly metabolic products of bacterial activity), but at the same time there is a need to evaluate the risks implied by the use of metallic and oxide nanoparticles.…”

Section: Toxicity Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradable Antimicrobial Food Packaging: Trends and Perspectives

Motelică

Ficai

et al. 2020

Foods

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This review presents a perspective on the research trends and solutions from recent years in the domain of antimicrobial packaging materials. The antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities can be induced by the main polymer used for packaging or by addition of various components from natural agents (bacteriocins, essential oils, natural extracts, etc.) to synthetic agents, both organic and inorganic (Ag, ZnO, TiO2 nanoparticles, synthetic antibiotics etc.). The general trend for the packaging evolution is from the inert and polluting plastic waste to the antimicrobial active, biodegradable or edible, biopolymer film packaging. Like in many domains this transition is an evolution rather than a revolution, and changes are coming in small steps. Changing the public perception and industry focus on the antimicrobial packaging solutions will enhance the shelf life and provide healthier food, thus diminishing the waste of agricultural resources, but will also reduce the plastic pollution generated by humankind as most new polymers used for packaging are from renewable sources and are biodegradable. Polysaccharides (like chitosan, cellulose and derivatives, starch etc.), lipids and proteins (from vegetal or animal origin), and some other specific biopolymers (like polylactic acid or polyvinyl alcohol) have been used as single component or in blends to obtain antimicrobial packaging materials. Where the package’s antimicrobial and antioxidant activities need a larger spectrum or a boost, certain active substances are embedded, encapsulated, coated, grafted into or onto the polymeric film. This review tries to cover the latest updates on the antimicrobial packaging, edible or not, using as support traditional and new polymers, with emphasis on natural compounds.

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Toxicological effects of ingested nanocellulose in in vitro intestinal epithelium and in vivo rat models

Abstract: In vitro and in vivo toxicological studies of ingested nanocellulose, which has many potential food applications, revealed minimal toxicity.

Cited by 115 publications

References 57 publications

Synthesis and Physicochemical Transformations of Size‐Sorted Graphene Oxide during Simulated Digestion and Its Toxicological Assessment against an In Vitro Model of the Human Intestinal Epithelium

Synthesis and Physicochemical Transformations of Size‐Sorted Graphene Oxide during Simulated Digestion and Its Toxicological Assessment against an In Vitro Model of the Human Intestinal Epithelium

Manufacturing of Food Packaging Based on Nanocellulose: Current Advances and Challenges

Biodegradable Antimicrobial Food Packaging: Trends and Perspectives

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