Toxicological evaluation of airborne particulate matter. Are cell culture technologies ready to replace animal testing?

Silvani, Sara; Figliuzzi, Marina; Remuzzi, Andrea

doi:10.1002/jat.3804

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Compared to other air pollutants, PM 2.5 potentially has the most significant impact on human health, related to respiratory and cardiovascular disease and mortality [3]. In particular, it is deposited in the alveoli and has a greater effect on the respiratory system than other PM [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate Matter Removal Ability of Ten Evergreen Trees Planted in Korea Urban Greening

Jin

Yoon

Bae

et al. 2021

Forests

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Broad-leaved evergreen trees create urban forests for mitigation of climate warming and adsorption of particulate matter (PM). This study was performed to identify the species suitable for urban greening by examining the adsorption capacity of the evergreen species in urban areas in Korea, the adsorption points and the elemental composition of PM in the adsorbed tree. Leaf sampling was carried out four times (period of seven months from October 2017 to May 2018) and used after drying (period 28 to 37 days). Particulate matter (PM) was classified and measured according to size PM2.5 (0.2–2.5 μm), PM10 (2.5–10 μm), PM100 (10–100 μm). The total amount of PM adsorbed on the leaf surface was highest in Pinus densiflora (24.6 μg∙cm−2), followed by Quercus salicina (47.4 μg∙cm−2). The composition of PM adsorbed by P. densiflora is 4.0% PM2.5, 39.5% PM10 and 56.5% PM100, while those adsorbed by Q. salicina are evergreen at 25.7% PM2.5, 27.4% PM10 and 46.9% PM100. When the amount of PM adsorbed on the leaf was calculated by LAI, the species that adsorbed PM the most was P. densiflora, followed by Q. salicina, followed by Q. salicina in the wax layer, then P. densiflora. As a result of this study, the amount of PM adsorbed per unit area of leaves, and the amount of PM calculated by LAI, showed a simpler pattern. The hardwoods had a high adsorption rate of PM2.5. The adsorption ratio of ultra-fine PM2.5 by evergreen broad-leaved trees was greater than that of coniferous trees. Therefore, broad-leaved evergreens such as Q. salicina are considered very suitable as species for adsorbing PM in the city. PM2.5 has been shown to be adsorbed through the pores and leaves of trees, indicating that the plant plays an important role in alleviating PM in the atmosphere. As a result of analyzing the elemental components of PM accumulated on leaf leaves by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/ energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) analysis, it was composed of O, C, Si, and N, and was found to be mainly generated by human activities around the road. The results of this study provide basic data regarding the selection of evergreen species that can effectively remove aerial PM. It also highlights the importance of evergreen plants for managing PM pollution during the winter and provides insights into planning additional green infrastructure to improve urban air quality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate Matter Removal Ability of Ten Evergreen Trees Planted in Korea Urban Greening

Jin

Yoon

Bae

et al. 2021

Forests

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“…Tissue cultured polystyrene (TCPS) and polyester membrane Transwell inserts (TW) are ubiquitiously utilized as cell culture substrates due to ease of use and availability. These substrates, however, are more than a million-times stiffer that human tissues, and lack physiologically relevant tissue level microstructures and morphologies …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioscaffold Stiffness Mediates Aerosolized Nanoparticle Uptake in Lung Epithelial Cells

Williams

Hebert

Boehm

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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In this study, highly porous, ultrasoft polymeric mats mimicking human tissues were formed from novel polyurethane soft dendritic colloids (PU SDCs). PU SDCs have a unique fibrillar morphology controlled by antisolvent precipitation. When filtered from suspension, PU SDCs form mechanically robust nonwoven mats. The stiffness of the SDC mats can be tuned for physiological relevance. The unique physiochemical characteristics of the PU SDC particles dictate the mechanical properties resulting in tunable elastic moduli ranging from 200 to 800 kPa. The human lung A549 cells cultured on both stiff and soft PU SDC membranes were found to be viable, capable of supporting the air−liquid interface (ALI) cell culture, and maintained barrier integrity. Furthermore, A549 cellular viability and uptake efficiency of aerosolized tannic acid-coated gold nanoparticles (Ta−Au) was found to depend on elastic modulus and culture conditions. Ta−Au nanoparticle uptake was twofold and fourfold greater on soft PU SDCs, when cultured at submerged and ALI conditions, respectively. The significant increase in endocytosed Ta−Au resulted in a 20% decrease in viability, and a 4-fold increase in IL-8 cytokine secretion when cultured on soft PU SDCs at ALI. Common tissue culture materials exhibit super-physiological elastic moduli, a factor found to be critical in analyzing nanomaterial cellular interactions and biological responses.

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“…Moreover, the same group around Thomas Hartung has shown in an internationally acclaimed study that the readout of big data from existing toxicological data is outperforming animal testing ( 82 ). Furthermore, cell culture systems increase in complexity, reflecting more and more the situation in the whole organ and thereby replacing animal studies ( 83 ). Going through the collection of data on nanomaterial toxicology used for this study, the number of in vitro models is tremendously high.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review on the Hazard Assessment of Amorphous Silica Based on the Literature From 2013 to 2018

Krug

2022

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundNanomaterials are suspected of causing health problems, as published studies on nanotoxicology indicate. On the other hand, some of these materials, such as nanostructured pyrogenic and precipitated synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) and silica gel, have been used for decades without safety concerns in industrial, commercial, and consumer applications. However, in addition to many in vivo and in vitro studies that have failed to demonstrate the intrinsic toxicity of SAS, articles periodically emerge, in which biological effects of concern have been described. Even though most of these studies do not meet high-quality standards and do not always use equivalent test materials or standardized test systems, the results often trigger substance re-evaluation. To put the results into perspective, an extensive literature study was carried out and an example of amorphous silica will be used to try to unravel the reliability from the unreliable results.MethodsA systematic search of studies on nanotoxicological effects has been performed covering the years 2013 to 2018. The identified studies have been evaluated for their quality regarding material and method details, and the data have been curated and put into a data collection. This review deals only with investigations on amorphous silica.ResultsOf 18,162 publications 1,217 have been selected with direct reference to experiments with synthetically produced amorphous silica materials. The assessment of these studies based on defined criteria leads to a further reduction to 316 studies, which have been included in this systematic review. Screening for quality with well-defined quantitative criteria following the GUIDE nano concept reveals only 27.3% has acceptable quality. Overall, the in vitro and in vivo data showed low or no toxicity of amorphous silica. The data shown do not support the hypothesis of dependency of biological effects on the primary particle size of the tested materials.ConclusionThis review demonstrates the relatively low quality of most studies published on nanotoxicological issues in the case of amorphous silica. Moreover, mechanistic studies are often passed off or considered toxicological studies. In general, standardized methods or the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines are rarely used for toxicological experiments. As a result, the significance of the published data is usually weak and must be reevaluated carefully before using them for regulatory purposes.

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Toxicological evaluation of airborne particulate matter. Are cell culture technologies ready to replace animal testing?

Cited by 14 publications

References 69 publications

Particulate Matter Removal Ability of Ten Evergreen Trees Planted in Korea Urban Greening

Particulate Matter Removal Ability of Ten Evergreen Trees Planted in Korea Urban Greening

Bioscaffold Stiffness Mediates Aerosolized Nanoparticle Uptake in Lung Epithelial Cells

A Systematic Review on the Hazard Assessment of Amorphous Silica Based on the Literature From 2013 to 2018

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