Toxicological interactions between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

Levin, Barbara C.; Paabo, Maya; Gurman, Joshua L.; Harris, S. E.; Braun, Emil

doi:10.1016/0300-483x(87)90165-x

Cited by 49 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Exposure atmospheres may be significantly reduced in concentration of the test article because upstream exhaled air (Cheng and Moss, 1995) may also contain high concentrations of CO 2 which may modulate the outcome of the test. Levin et al (1987Levin et al ( , 1995 showed that non-lethal levels of CO 2 (≥17 000 ppm), when added to sublethal concentrations of carbon monoxide, potentiated the toxicity of the latter in acutely exposed rats (duration of exposure 30 min). The authors conclude that CO 2 potentiation, while not lethal at the concentrations tested, had profound physiological effects on arterial pCO 2 and caused HCO 3 − to increase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Carbon dioxide concentrations in inhalation chambers have so far received relative little attention, except from OECD (2006). In this context it is important to recall that high concentrations of carbon dioxide in the inhaled air may stimulate ventilation (which increases the inhaled dose) and promote shifts in acid-base status and thus modify the toxicity of inhaled test compounds (Levin et al, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A simple approach to validation of directed‐flow nose‐only inhalation chambers

Pauluhn

Thiel

2007

J of Applied Toxicology

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Directed-flow nose-only exposure systems are designed and operated so that the genuine test atmosphere is dynamically delivered to each exposure port and exhaled air from exposed animals is immediately exhausted without the possibility of other animals rebreathing this atmosphere. This technique is particularly useful for preventing uncontrolled changes of exposure atmospheres, stimulating breathing activity due to the rebreathing of exhaled carbon dioxide, and the conserving a test material that is available only in limited quantities. The intricate relationship of the delivered flow of air at each exposure port relative to the respiratory minute volume of the exposed animal appears to be critical for the state-of-the-art performance of directed-flow nose-only exposure systems. This analysis revealed that the determination of carbon dioxide concentrations at different inhalation chamber locations, including exposure ports, is a simple and cost-effective procedure to evaluate whether the rebreathing of atmospheres can be excluded. It has been shown that directed-flow systems need to be operated at an exposure air flow rate greater than 2.5 times the respiratory minute volume of the exposed animal or optimally approximately 0.75 l min(-1) per rat exposure port ( approximately 3.75 times the minute volume of young adult rats) to prevent higher CO(2)-concentrations occurring.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple approach to validation of directed‐flow nose‐only inhalation chambers

Pauluhn

Thiel

2007

J of Applied Toxicology

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“…The same equilibrium COHb saturation is reached as in the absence of CO2, however. Increased incidence of lethality (particularly postexposure) has been observed with certain combinations of CO and CO, [33], perhaps analogous to that seen with mixtures of CO and HC1. The effect may be associated with the combined insult of respiratory acidosis (caused by COZ) and metabolic acidosis (caused by CO), a condition from which the rodent has difficulty recovering postexposure.…”

Section: Atmospheres Containing Multiple Toxicantsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Another approach to toxicological interactions between common fire gases is that of the N-Gas model [33]. The N-Gas model is based on studies of the toxicological interactions of four gases.…”

Section: N-gas Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of the Toxic Effects of Fire Effluents

Hartzell¹

1989

Journal of Fire Sciences

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A major thrust in the assessment of the toxicity of fire effluents has been in the development of mathematical models for predicting toxic effects from appropriate data on the composition of the fire gases. The objectives of these efforts are two-fold. Assessment of smoke toxicity from analytical data could obviate much of the use of live animals in conventional bioassay methodology. Furthermore, providing that both qualitative and quantitative differences in toxicological effects between laboratory animals and man are understood, such modeling methodology could also be used for estimating the time to development of a toxic hazard in either real or simulated fire scenarios. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the predictive modeling of toxicological effects from exposure to fire effluent atmospheres. Also included are compilations of data for individual fire gases which may be used as input for such modeling.

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“…While dose-response relationships for single gas exposures have been defined for some of the major toxic components of smoke [1][2][3][4][5][6] and for a few of the irritant gases [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], less information exists pertaining to the combined effects of these gases on the intact mammalian organism [15,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. With present technology, it is not feasible to reconstruct, or even to define, all of the complex mixtures of combustion products that occur in aircraft fires.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Incapacitation in the Laboratory Rat Induced by Inhalation of Carbon Monoxide-Acrolein Mixtures

Crane

Sanders

Endecott

1992

Journal of Fire Sciences

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Laboratory rats were exposed to experimental atmospheres of (a) carbon monoxide (CO), (b) acrolein, and (c) to mixtures of carbon monoxide and acrolein. The toxic potency of each environment was evaluated by measurement of time-to-incapacitation (t,) as a function of toxic gas concentrations. Regression equations were derived relating observed t,'s to concentrations of individual gases.Comparison of individual gas exposure data with results obtained from combined gas exposures indicated no evidence of synergistic action. Evidence did exist for an inhibitory effect of undefined mechanism when acrolein (in the mixture) was at a concentration of lesser potency than the CO. An empirical equation was derived that allowed calculation of a predicted t, for exposure to CO-acrolein mixtures at concentrations within the experimental exposure ranges.

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Toxicological interactions between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

Cited by 49 publications

References 4 publications

A simple approach to validation of directed‐flow nose‐only inhalation chambers

A simple approach to validation of directed‐flow nose‐only inhalation chambers

Prediction of the Toxic Effects of Fire Effluents

Incapacitation in the Laboratory Rat Induced by Inhalation of Carbon Monoxide-Acrolein Mixtures

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