Toxicological Investigation of Soils with the Solid-phase Flash Assay: Comparison with Other Ecotoxicological Tests

Põllumaa, Lee; Kahru, Anne; Eisenträger, Adolf; Reiman, R.; Maloveryan, Alla; Rätsep, A.

doi:10.1177/026119290002800314

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…sediments, soil suspensions, wastewater, sludge extracts, etc. 44,45 ) by measuring the reduction of light production due to interactions between bacteria and toxic compounds. The decrease in bacterial luminescence occurs already after brief contact of bacteria with toxicants (in the scale of seconds to minutes, depending on the compounds; Figure S2).…”

Section: Kinetic Bioluminescence Inhibition Assay (Flash-test)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of 12 metal-based nanoparticles to algae, bacteria and protozoa

Aruoja

Pokhrel

Sihtmäe

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci.: Nano

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161

114

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The use of metal based nanoparticles (NPs) is increasing which leads to their release in water bodies via various waste streams and warrants risk assessment. Consistent biological effect data on NPs for environmentally relevant test species that are accompanied by thorough characterization of NPs are scarce but indispensable for understanding possible risks of NPs. We composed and tested a library of 12 metal-based nanoparticles () using alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, three bacterial species (Vibrio fischeri, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) and protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. The NPs were characterized for physico-chemical properties, solubility and abiotic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Also, respective soluble salts were analysed for toxic effects. The algal growth inhibition assay proved the most sensitive and yielded EC 50 values for 10 NPs ranging from 0.1 to 58 mg/l. Algal toxicity correlated with abiotic ROS production of NPs and the majority of NPs formed agglomerates that entrapped algal cells. Despite of different sensitivity, there was a common trend in the toxicity of NPs across different species and test formats: CuO and ZnO had highest toxicity (EC 50 values below 1 mg/l) to all organism groups except protozoa. The high toxicity was mostly due to shedding of toxic concentrations of Zn and Cu ions; for most of the test species Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , WO 3 and Sb 2 O 3 were not toxic below 100 mg/l and MgO showed no adverse effect below 100 mg/l to any test species in any test setting. Nano impactThe lack of good quality nanotoxicity data for environmentally relevant test species accompanied by physico-chemical characterization of nanoparticles (NPs) severely hampers risk assessment. This study provides biological response data of a thoroughly characterized library of metal-based NPs using algal, bacterial and protozoan tests. It includes correlations between NP properties and toxicity, as well as results obtained in deionized water, thus eliminating medium-specific effects. Similar trends across species are shown, although algae proved the most sensitive. EC 50 values of 10 NPs ranged from 0.1 to 58 mg/l. The values may be used for toxicity modelling or directly for risk assessment, as the 72 h algal growth inhibition data are mandatory for the registration of chemicals in the European Union.EC 50 -half effective concentration; MBC -Minimal Biocidal Concentration, i.e., the lowest tested nominal concentration of NPs which completely inhibited the formation of visible colonies after sub-culturing on toxicant-free agarised growth medium. Prior subculturing bacteria were incubated with NPs for 24 h at 25 °C in deionised water.

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Section: Kinetic Bioluminescence Inhibition Assay (Flash-test)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of 12 metal-based nanoparticles to algae, bacteria and protozoa

Aruoja

Pokhrel

Sihtmäe

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci.: Nano

Self Cite

161

114

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“…Test bacteria from the V. fischeri reagent (Aboatox, Turku, Finland) were used for both the 15-min luminescence inhibition assay and the solid-phase flash assay (see below). The assay was carried out in two replicates at ambient temperature (20-25ЊC) with a 30-s contact time using a 1251 luminometer (ThermoLabsystems) essentially as described previously [30]. The NaCl solution (2%) served as a control, and the salinity of the soil extracts was adjusted to 2% with 2976 Environ.…”

Section: Ecotoxicological Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is a kinetic assay where luminescence of bacteria in soil suspension is measured continuously during 30 s of exposure and every sample acts as a control of its own [15]. The assay was carried out in two replicates at ambient temperature (20-25ЊC) with a 30-s contact time using a 1251 luminometer (ThermoLabsystems) essentially as described previously [30]. The soil extract or suspension was considered toxic if the strongest tested concentration (halfstrength sample) inhibited the luminescence of bacteria by more than 20% (INH Ͼ 20%).…”

Section: Ecotoxicological Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotests and biosensors in ecotoxicological risk assessment of field soils polluted with zinc, lead, and cadmium

Kahru

Ivask

Kasemets

et al. 2005

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The combined chemical and ecotoxicological hazard evaluation study was conducted on 60 smelter-influenced soils containing 1 to 13, 50 to 653, and 100 to 1,198 mg/kg of Cd, Pb, and Zn, respectively. For these soils (liquid-to-soil ratio = 10), water extractability of Zn, Cd, and Pb was less than 0.19% (median values). Acetic acid (0.11 M) extracted 23, 9.7, and 0.7% of Cd, Zn, and Pb, respectively. Although heavy metal concentrations in the studied soils were high, the toxic effects of water extracts were observed only in few samples and in few biotests (algae Selenastrum capricornutum and metal detector assay). For most of the aquatic test organisms (e.g., crustaceans, photobacteria), the bioavailable concentrations of metals in soil-water extracts were either subtoxic, or the adverse effects were compensated by soil nutrients, etc. However, analysis of the soils with recombinant Cd sensor Bacillus subtilis (pTOO24) showed that about 65% of these apparently subtoxic samples contained bioavailable Cd when analyzed in the suspension assay (detection limit 1.5 mg Cd/kg soil), indicating the desorption of Cd induced by direct contact of bacteria with soil particles. The median bioavailable fraction of Cd (1%) was 23-fold lower than the fraction extracted by acetic acid. The Pb-Cd sensor Staphylococcus aureus (pT0024) detected bioavailable Pb only in the suspensions of five of the most lead-polluted soils (>417 mg Pb/kg): the median bioavailability of Pb was 0.42%. Consequently, the hazard assessment relying on total metal levels in soils should be revised by critical comparison with data obtained from bioassays. Development and use of biosensors (excellent tools for mechanistic studies and signaling hazard already at subtoxic level) should be encouraged.

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“…Ecotoxicity of the sediments was evaluated by Vibrio fischeri Flash Assay [34,35] that was recently standardized by ISO (Water quality -Kinetic determination of the inhibitory effects of sediment, other solids and coloured samples on the light emission of Vibrio fischeri) [27]. In Flash Assay the test endpoint, bacterial bioluminescence, is reduced if the sample contains compounds that are bioavailable at harmful concentrations to the test bacteria.…”

Section: Ecotoxicological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The test was conducted as follows: lyophilised test bacteria V. fischeri NRRL-B 11177 from Aboatox (Turku, Finland) were reconstituted according to the standard [27] procedure with the solution containing 20 g/l NaCl, 2.035 g/l MgCl 2 •6H 2 O and 0.3 g/l KCl. The assay was conducted at 20 °C using an automated tube luminometer 1251 (ThermoLabsystems, Finland) connected to a computer operated by Multiuse software (BioOrbit, Finland) as described by Põllumaa et al [35]. The suspension of test bacteria V. fischeri (100 µl) was automatically dispensed into the sample (100 µl), and the kinetics of the luminescence in each sample was measured during 30 sec under constant mixing.…”

Section: Ecotoxicological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Oil Shale Opencast Mining and Combustion on Narva River and Its Tributaries: Chemical and Ecotoxicological Characterisation

Orupõld¹,

Heinlaan²,

Põllumaa³

et al. 2012

Oil Shale

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The influence of oil shale extraction in Narva opencast and combustion in Eesti and Balti power plants on the quality of surface waters and sediments of the Narva River left-bank tributaries was studied. Altogether, 22 sites were sampled for water and 21 for sediments. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr in the surface water and sediment samples remained below the respective limit values for surface water and residential soils, respectively. Cd/Zn/Pb and Cr in the sediments were below the detection limits of the respective sensor bacteria (mg metal/kg sediment): <0.006 Cr 3+ ; <0.05 Cr 6+ ; <0.16 Zn 2+ ; <0.11 Cd 2+ ; <0.15 Pb 2+. As-specific sensor bacteria showed bioavailable sub-toxic levels of As in two sediments (up to 0.26 mg As 3+ /kg or, alternatively, up to 0.1 mg As 5+ /kg). Comparative ecotoxicity analysis of the suspensions and aqueous extracts of sediments using Vibrio fischeri kinetic luminescence inhibition test (Flash Assay) showed particle-bound acute toxicity in suspensions of four sediment samples out of 20 analysed. However, there was no acute toxicity of the respective aqueous extracts of sediments in the Flash Assay. The obtained results show the importance of combining both chemical and biological methods for environmental monitoring.

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Toxicological Investigation of Soils with the Solid-phase Flash Assay: Comparison with Other Ecotoxicological Tests

Cited by 14 publications

References 26 publications

Toxicity of 12 metal-based nanoparticles to algae, bacteria and protozoa

Toxicity of 12 metal-based nanoparticles to algae, bacteria and protozoa

Biotests and biosensors in ecotoxicological risk assessment of field soils polluted with zinc, lead, and cadmium

Impact of Oil Shale Opencast Mining and Combustion on Narva River and Its Tributaries: Chemical and Ecotoxicological Characterisation

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