Toxicological Neuropathology in Medical Practice

Montine, Thomas J.; Anthony, Douglas C.

doi:10.1002/9780470939956.ch29

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 34 publications

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“…Brain sections were obtained from cutting transversally into the dorsal part of the right or left hemispheres, including both gray and white matter (neurons of the cerebral cortex [layers III and V] are very vulnerable to ischemia). 25 In addition to hematoxylin and eosin staining, brain sections were stained with Fluoro-Jade B as described 30 to identify histologic changes, specifically neuronal degeneration or necrosis. Corresponding brain sections from 2 mock (saline) inoculated control pigs from another study and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Fluoro-Jade B were used for comparison; the pigs were sedated, not anesthetized, in association with euthanasia.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Long-term Anesthesia, Blood Sampling, Transportation, and Infection Status on Hearts and Brains in Pigs Inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus and Used for Imaging Studies

Alstrup

Afzelius

Jensen

et al. 2020

j am assoc lab anim sci

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Laboratory animals are widely used in imaging studies, including infection, heart, and brain research. Compared with rodents, pigs are especially useful because of their large organ sizes, ability to tolerate long-term anesthesia, and substantial blood volume, which allows repeated blood sampling. These factors are particularly important in positron emission tomography studies of potential new radioactive tracers, because the scans often are prolonged; in addition, kinetic studies involving repeated blood sampling may be performed to establish the optimal scan time. However, protracted studies may affect the cardiovascular system, brain, and other organs. This raises the question of how to monitor and counteract the effects of longterm anesthesia in pigs in a typical experimental setting yet prevent introducing bias into the experiment. To address this question, we investigated the effects of long-term anesthesia (maximum, 18 h), repeated blood sampling (maximum of 20 mL blood per kilogram body weight), and road transportation (as long as 1.5 h between 2 imaging centers) on key variables of lung, heart, and brain function in the context of a well-established pig model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Pulse rate, oxygen saturation, body temperature, arterial pressure of CO2, and urine production were stable during anesthesia for at least 16 h, whereas blood glucose slowly decreased. Hct and leukocyte count decreased due to repeated blood sampling. During road transportation, blood lactate levels increased 5 fold and arterial pressure of O2 decreased by 50%. Repeated CT scans, necropsy results, and histopathology findings documented progressive lung changes and acute cardiac necrosis. No lesions indicative of hypoxia were found in brain. The study data show that the typical monitoring parameters do not fully depict the cardiovascular state of pigs during prolonged anesthesia. We recommend streamlining experimental protocols for imaging studies in pigs to avoid organ pathology.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%