Toxicological studies of Caesalpinia sappan wood derived dye in Wister albino rats

Athinarayanana, G; A.J.A., Ranjitsingh; Nanthini, A. Usha Raja; Padmalatha, C.

doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2016.10.004

Cited by 22 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It is important to note that despite the extensive use of Caesalpinia spinosa in various traditional preparations [ 39 ], no chronic toxicity studies have been conducted to evaluate the safety of these preparations or standardized extracts. Interestingly, there are no reports of toxicity, either acute or chronic, associated with the use of any other species of the genus Caesalpinia [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Acute and Chronic Toxicity in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) and New Zealand Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of an Enriched Polyphenol Extract Obtained from Caesalpinia spinosa

Ballesteros-Ramírez,

Lasso,

Urueña

et al. 2024

Journal of Toxicology

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Although herbal drugs are often considered safe for consumption, there is increasing evidence that some can generate undesirable health effects. However, polyphenols found in certain plants have been shown to provide a range of benefits for human health. In previous work, a standardized and quantified extract (P2Et) obtained from Caesalpinia spinosa (Dividivi) plant showed promising antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of cancer and COVID-19 patients. The extract has also been subjected to genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and 28-day oral chronic toxicity evaluations, demonstrating a good safety profile. To advance preclinical and clinical development, further acute and chronic toxicity evaluations of the P2Et extract were performed. Acute toxicity tests were performed orally in Wistar rats at a dose of 2000 mg/kg, indicating that the lethal dose 50% (LD50) value exceeded 2000 mg/kg and classifying the P2Et extract as category 5 according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification (GHS). In this work, chronic toxicity tests were conducted for 180 days on Wistar rats and New Zealand rabbits at a dose of 1000 mg/kg under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) conditions. No weight loss or alterations in biochemical and hematological parameters associated with treatment were observed in the animals, suggesting the absence of toxicity in the assessed parameters. These results indicate that the P2Et extract is safe for oral administration at doses up to 1000 mg/kg body weight over a six-month period.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Acute and Chronic Toxicity in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) and New Zealand Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of an Enriched Polyphenol Extract Obtained from Caesalpinia spinosa

Ballesteros-Ramírez,

Lasso,

Urueña

et al. 2024

Journal of Toxicology

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“…An aqueous extract of natural dye from C. sappan (100–2000 mg/kg) was demonstrated to be safe and did not cause any abnormalities or mortality during 14 days of observation. Similarly, the dye did not have significant subacute toxicity up to 5,000 mg/kg body weight ( Athinarayanana et al, 2017 ). In an in vitro study, a C. sappan ethanol extract at 10 μg/ml did not significantly reduce the percentage of viable cells with intact morphology in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, but this percentage decreased after the cells were exposed to the extract at 50 μg/ml ( Sulistiyorini et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity Of Caesalpinia Sappan And Its Bioactive Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effects of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. and Its Bioactive Compounds on Cardiovascular Organs

2021

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Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. The long-term aim of cardiovascular disease therapy is to reduce the mortality rate and decelerate the progression of cardiovascular organ damage. Current therapies focus on recovering heart function and reducing risk factors such as hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. However, oxidative stress and inflammation are important causes of further damage to cardiovascular organs. Caesalpinia sappan Linn. (Fabaceae), a flowering tree native to tropical Asia, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a natural dye to color food and beverages and as a traditional treatment for diarrhea, diabetes, and blood stasis. The phytochemical compounds in C. sappan, mainly the homoisoflavonoids brazilin, sappanone A, protosappanin, and hematoxylin, can potentially be used to protect cardiovascular organs. This review aims to provide updates on recent developments in research on C. sappan in relation to treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have reported protective effects of the plant’s bioactive compounds that reduce cardiac damage and enhance vasorelaxation. For example, brazilin and sappanone A have an impact on molecular and cellular changes in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis, mainly by modulating oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic signaling pathways. Therefore, bioactive compounds of C. sappan have the potential to be developed as therapeutic agents to combat cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infarction and vascular disease. This review could help further the understanding of the possible modulatory role of the compounds in cardiovascular diseases, thereby facilitating future studies.

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“…Another common sappanwood extraction method is by using distilled water extraction in the soxhlet apparatus [11]. Using the soxhlet apparatus, the extraction time can be shortened.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of The Sappanwood Extract Yield by Aqueous Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Using Water Solvent

Djaeni¹,

Kumoro²,

Utari³

et al. 2021

International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology

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Sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan L) is a member of Leguminosae plant, which is popular for its function as a natural source of red dye and has been traditionally used to prepare food and beverage in Southeast Asia. From the pharmacological point of view, the heartwood extract of this plant exhibits various biological activities, such as antibacterial, anti-photoaging, anti-allergic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, etc. Brazilin as the main antioxidant compound can be efficiently extracted by the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature (30 to 60°C), time (5 to 25 minutes), and solid-liquid ratio (1:5 to 1:8 g/mL) on the batch ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from sappanwood heartwood. The results showed that the feasible extraction process was at 30°C using the solid-liquid ratio of 1:5 g/mL for 15 minutes to obtain an extract yield of 3.0%. The yield was 1.50 times compared to the conventional extraction without ultrasound. The increase in temperature and solvent resulted in higher yields. However, considering the energy for extraction and product purification, extraction at ambient temperature with minimum solvent volume was favorable. Meanwhile, the pseudo-second-order mass transfer model exhibited good statistical parameters, and R 2 was higher than 0.99 with lower RSMD values. This model can be used to describe the kinetics of UAE of antioxidant compounds from sappanwood. The model was meaningful in determining the efficient extraction time with reasonable antioxidant performance.

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Toxicological studies of Caesalpinia sappan wood derived dye in Wister albino rats

Cited by 22 publications

References 7 publications

Assessment of Acute and Chronic Toxicity in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) and New Zealand Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of an Enriched Polyphenol Extract Obtained from Caesalpinia spinosa

Assessment of Acute and Chronic Toxicity in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) and New Zealand Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) of an Enriched Polyphenol Extract Obtained from Caesalpinia spinosa

Protective Effects of Caesalpinia sappan Linn. and Its Bioactive Compounds on Cardiovascular Organs

Enhancement of The Sappanwood Extract Yield by Aqueous Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Using Water Solvent

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