Toxicologically Acceptable Levels of Methanol and Formaldehyde Emissions from Methanol-Fueled Vehicles

Harvey, Craig A.; Carey, Penny M.; Somers, J.; Garbe, Robert J.

doi:10.4271/841357

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…If one examines these data together with the results of the original study, there is no consistent pattern of methanol-induced effects on serum testosterone levels. The serum concentration of testosterone was significantly reduced following I-day, 2-weeks, and 6-weeks exposure to 260 mg/m 3 …”

Section: Rodentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In a 1976 study by Skirl et al (a Russian study cited in Reference 6), rats received or doses of 10, 100, or 500 mg/kg/day for I month and we reported to show liver changes characterized by focal protein degeneration of hepatocytic cytoplasm, changes in the activi of some microsomal enzymes, and enlarged hepatic cells. ( another Russian study, rabbits exposed to 61 mg/rn 3 3 for as long as 6 weeks caused, signs of lung inflammation or irritation. 6 ' Histologic analy of lung tissue were not conducted.…”

Section: Rodentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to EPA estimates, a typical methanol fill-up will result in about 3 to 4 min ofexposum to between 33 and 50 mg/m 3 of methanol. 3 For self-• service customers, such exposures may occur once or twice' weekly, but for station attendants exposure will be much more frequent. For reference purposes, the American Conference of Gov-, ernmenta Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value:, (TLV) for exposure to methanol averaged over an 8-h work" day is 260 mg/m 3 .…”

Section: Exposure To Methanol Vapor From Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kingsley and Hirsch measured methanol concentrations as high as 490 mg/m 3 in the air surrounding the duplicating equipment after 60 min of operation, and approximately 130 mg/m' about 10 ft away from the device. 45 The methanol concentration around the device in question always exceeded 260 mg/m 3 . No information on the number of employees exposed or affected, or on the actual duration of methanol exposure, was provided in this report.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Toxicity of Inhaled Methanol Vapors

Kavet¹,

Nauss²

1990

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

158

102

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Methanol could become a major automotive fuel in the U.S., and its use may result in increased exposure of the public to methanol vapor. Nearly all of the available information on methanol toxicity in humans relates to the consequences of acute, rather than chronic, exposu res. Acute methanol toxicity evolves in a well-understood pattern and consists of an uncompensated metabolic acidosis with superimposed toxicity to the visual system. The toxic properties of methanol are rooted in the factors that govern both the conversion of methanol to formic acid and the subsequent metabolism of formate to carbon dioxide in the folate pathway. In short, the toxic syndrome sets in if formate generation continues at a rate that exceeds its rate of metabolism. Current evidence indicates that formate accumulation will not challenge the metabolic capacity of the folate pathway at the anticipated levels of exposu re to automotive methanol vapor.

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Section: Rodentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Rodentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exposure To Methanol Vapor From Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Toxicity of Inhaled Methanol Vapors

Kavet¹,

Nauss²

1990

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

158

102

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The proposed use of methanol as an automotive fuel and its introduction as a possible air pollutant has renewed interest in its toxicology (1), as little is known about either the effects of low-dose methanol exposure or biological markers of its toxicity (2). Methanol levels in urine have been shown to correlate with methanol exposure (3)(4)(5)(6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Formate in serum and urine after controlled methanol exposure at the threshold limit value.

D’Alessandro

Osterloh²,

Chuwers³

et al. 1994

Environ Health Perspect

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Methanol will be present as a new air pollutant when methanol-powered vehicles are introduced in the United States. Little is known about the effect of low-dose methanol exposure. It is controversial whether or not formate, the main metabolite responsible for methanol's acute toxicity, is a sensitive biological marker of toxicity or exposure. We studied the effect of a 4-hr exposure at rest to 200 ppm of methanol vapors on endogenous serum formate and on urinary formic acid excretion. A randomized, double-blind study of human exposure to a constant concentration of methanol was performed in a whole-body exposure chamber. Twenty-six healthy volunteers, each serving as his or her own control, participated in sham and methanol exposures. Urine (at 0, 4, 8 hr) and serum specimens (15 time points over 8 hr) collected before, during, and after the exposure were measured for formate. We found no significant differences in serum formate concentration between exposure and control conditions either at any time point or for area under the curve. Mean concentrations at the end of the exposure were: exposed 14.28 +/- 8.90 mg/l and control 12.68 +/- 6.43 mg/l. A slight, but nonsignificant (p = 0.08), increase in urine formate excretion rate was found at 4 hr (exposed 2.17 +/- 1.69 mg/4 hr and control 1.67 +/- 1.02 mg/4 hr). Age, sex, folic acid level, and smoking were not significant covariates. At 200 ppm, methanol exposure does not contribute substantially to endogenous formate quantities. Serum and urine formate determinations are not sensitive biological markers of methanol exposure at the threshold limit value. Images p178-a

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Role of formate in methanol‐induced exencephaly in CD‐1 mice

et al. 1995

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Mouse embryos develop exencephaly when dams are exposed by inhalation to high concentrations (> or = 10,000 ppm) of methanol on gestational day 8 (GD8; copulation plug = GD0). The present study examined the role of formate, an oxidative metabolite of methanol, in the development of methanol-induced exencephaly in CD-1 mice and cultured mouse embryos. The pharmacokinetics and developmental toxicity of sodium formate (750 mg/kg by gavage), a 6-hr methanol inhalation (10,000 or 15,000 ppm), or methanol gavage (1.5 g/kg) in pregnant CD-1 mice on GD8 were determined. Gross morphological evaluations for neural tube closure status in embryos or exencephaly in near-term fetuses were performed. Decidual swellings and maternal plasma were analyzed for methanol and formate. The mean (+/- S.E.M.) end-of-exposure plasma methanol concentration was 223 +/- 23 mM following the 6-hr, 15,000 ppm methanol inhalation. There were no changes in blood or decidual swelling formate concentrations under any of the methanol exposure conditions. Peak formate levels in plasma (1.05 +/- 0.2 mM; control 0.5 +/- 0.3 mM) and decidual swelling (2.0 +/- 0.2 mM; control 1.1 +/- 0.2 mM) from pregnant mice (GD8) given sodium formate (750 mg/kg, po) were similar to those observed following a 6-hr methanol inhalation of 15,000 ppm (plasma = 0.75 +/- 0.1 mM; decidual swelling = 2.2 +/- 0.3 mM) but did not result in exencephaly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Toxicologically Acceptable Levels of Methanol and Formaldehyde Emissions from Methanol-Fueled Vehicles

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

The Toxicity of Inhaled Methanol Vapors

The Toxicity of Inhaled Methanol Vapors

Formate in serum and urine after controlled methanol exposure at the threshold limit value.

Role of formate in methanol‐induced exencephaly in CD‐1 mice

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