Toxicology Emergencies

Salyer, Steven W.

doi:10.1016/b978-141602971-7.10017-0

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Depending on the original media, either ethanol or isopropanol have been reported for the precipitation of nucleic acids . Ethanol and butanol are however more benign and less hazardous alcohols than isopropanol; therefore, the efficient recovery of RNA from ILs aqueous solutions with these alcohols further reinforces the sustainability of the proposed recovery strategy in comparison with processes based on isopropanol.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Extraction-Preservation Strategies for RNA Using Biobased Ionic Liquids

Quental

Pedro

Pereira

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The ubiquitous instability of RNA along with issues associated with its purity degree have been preventing its widespread use as low-cost biotherapeutics. On the basis of the well-known capacity of amino acids to specifically interact with RNA when used as chromatographic ligands, a set of amino-acid-based ionic liquids (AA-ILs) was herein investigated, both to act as preservation media and as phase-forming agents of aqueous biphasic systems (ABS). This set of strategies was combined with the goal of developing integrated extraction-preservation platforms. AA-ILs comprising the cholinium cation and anions derived from l-lysine ([Ch][Lys]), l-arginine ([Ch][Arg]), l-glutamic acid ([Ch][Glu]), and dl-aspartic acid ([Ch][Asp]) were studied. It is shown that the stability of RNA is preserved in aqueous solutions of the studied AA-ILs, even in the presence of ribonucleases (RNases). Furthermore, almost all the investigated AA-ILs display no cytotoxicity onto two distinct human cell lines. After identifying the most promising ILs, ABS formed by AA-ILs and polypropylene glycol with a molecular weight of 400 g mol–1 (PPG 400) were investigated as extraction and purification platforms for RNA. Both with pure RNA and bacterial lysate samples, RNA is successfully extracted to the IL-rich phase without compromising its integrity and stability. On the basis of these results, the integrated extraction-preservation process for RNA is finally demonstrated. RNA is initially extracted from the bacterial lysate sample using ABS, after which the IL-rich phase can be used as the preservation medium of RNA up to its use. RNA can be then recovered from the IL-rich phase by ethanol precipitation, and the ABS phase-forming components recovered and reused. Although improvements in the purity level of RNA are still required, the approach here reported represents a step forward in the development of sustainable processes to overcome the critical demand of high-quality/high-purity RNA to be used as biotherapeutics.

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Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Extraction-Preservation Strategies for RNA Using Biobased Ionic Liquids

Quental

Pedro

Pereira

et al. 2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…During poison absorption and distribution, the level of blood may be greater than those in tissue and may not correlate with toxicity. However, high blood levels of agents whose metabolites are more toxic than the parent compound (methanol, acetaminophen or ethylene glycol) may suggest the necessity for supplementary interventions (dialysis, antidotes) [12][13][14][15]. A lot of patients who stay asymptomatic or who become asymptomatic 6hr after ingestion are improbable to develop subsequent toxicity and can be discharged safely.…”

Section: International Journal Of Scientific Advances Issn: 2708-7972mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the toxic phase-the interval between the onset of poisoning and its peak effects-management is based primarily on clinical and laboratory findings [14]. Effects after an overdose usually begin sooner, peak later, and last longer than they do after a therapeutic dose [13,14]. A medications published pharmacokinetic profile in standard references such as the Physicians Desk Reference (PDR) is usually different from its toxicokinetic profile in overdose.…”

Section: International Journal Of Scientific Advances Issn: 2708-7972mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Examination and Clinical Course of Poisoning and Drug Overdose

Chukwuka¹,

Ayabazu²,

Akintunde³

et al. 2022

International Journal of Scientific Advances

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Poisoning refers to the development of dose-related adverse effects following exposure to drugs, chemicals, or other xenobiotics. To paraphrase Paracelsus, the dose creates the poison. Although most poisons have predictable dose-related effects, individual responses to a given dose may vary due to inhibition in the presence of other xenobiotics, genetic polymorphism, enzymatic induction, or acquired tolerance. Poisoning may be local (e.g. lungs, skin, eyes) or systemic depending on the route of exposure, the physical and chemical properties of the poison, and its mechanism of action. The reversibility and severity of poisoning also depend on the functional reserve of the target organ or individual which is influenced by preexisting disease and age. The history should include the route, duration, time, and circumstances (surrounding events, location, and intent) of exposure; the amount and name of each chemical, drug, or ingredient involved; the severity of symptoms, time of onset, nature of symptoms; the time and type of first-aid measures given; and the medical and psychiatric history. In most cases, the patient is unaware of exposure, confused, comatose, or unable or unwilling to admit to one. Suspicious circumstances include unexplained sudden disease in a previously healthy person or a group of healthy people; a history of psychiatric problems (especially depression); current changes in health, social relationships, economic status, or the onset of disease during work with chemicals or after ingestion of drink (especially ethanol), food, or medications. When patients become sick soon after arriving from a foreign country or being arrested for criminal activity, “body packing” or “body stuffing” (ingesting or concealing illicit drugs in a body cavity) should be suspected. Relevant information may be available from friends, paramedics, family, police, pharmacists, physicians, and employers, who should be queried regarding the patient’s, behavioral changes, habits, hobbies, available medications, and antecedent events. Patients have to be asked explicitly concerning their prescribed drugs and recreational medication use. Drugs previously considered “illicit” such as cannabinoids are now legal in many places and prescribed for therapeutic purposes. A search of belongings, clothes, and places of discovery may unveil a suicide note or a container of chemicals or drugs. Without an apparent history in a patient clinically suspected to be poisoned, all drugs available anywhere in the patient’s home or belongings should be considered as possible agents, including drugs for pets. The label on chemical products or the imprint code on drugs may be used to identify the potential toxicity of a suspected poison by consulting the manufacturer, a reference text, a computerized database, or a regional poison information center (800-222-1222). However, poisoning can mimic other illnesses, the correct diagnosis can usually be established by the history, physical examination, routine and toxicologic laboratory evaluations, and characteristic clinical course.

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“…4 This may be as a result of prevention of absorption, binding, and neutralizing the poison directly, antagonizing its end-organ effect, or inhibition of conversion to more toxic metabolites. 5 A chemical's safety is defined by its therapeutic index or ratio (TD 50 /ED 50 ), which is the ratio of the toxic dose (TD) or lethal dose (LD) to the effective dose (ED). Based on this, an antidote has also been defined as an agent that "increases the mean lethal dose of a toxin."…”

Section: What I S a N Antidote ?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antidotes in Poisoning

Chacko

Peter

2019

Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine

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Introduction: Antidotes are agents that negate the effect of a poison or toxin. Antidotes mediate its effect either by preventing the absorption of the toxin, by binding and neutralizing the poison, antagonizing its end-organ effect, or by inhibition of conversion of the toxin to more toxic metabolites. Antidote administration may not only result in the reduction of free or active toxin level, but also in the mitigation of end-organ effects of the toxin by mechanisms that include competitive inhibition, receptor blockade or direct antagonism of the toxin. Mechanism of action of antidotes: Reduction in free toxin level can be achieved by specific and non-specific agents that bind to the toxin. The most commonly used non-specific binding agent is activated charcoal. Specific binders include chelating agents, bioscavenger therapy and immunotherapy. In some situations, enhanced elimination can be achieved by urinary alkalization or hemadsorption. Competitive inhibition of enzymes (e.g. ethanol for methanol poisoning), enhancement of enzyme function (e.g. oximes for organophosphorus poisoning) and competitive receptor blockade (e.g. naloxone, flumazenil) are other mechanisms by which antidotes act. Drugs such as N-acetyl cysteine and sodium thiocyanate reduce the formation of toxic metabolites in paracetamol and cyanide poisoning respectively. Drugs such as atropine and magnesium are used to counteract the end-organ effects in organophosphorus poisoning. Vitamins such as vitamin K, folic acid and pyridoxine are used to antagonise the effects of warfarin, methotrexate and INH respectively in the setting of toxicity or overdose. This review provides an overview of the role of antidotes in poisoning.

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Toxicology Emergencies

Cited by 6 publications

References 61 publications

Integrated Extraction-Preservation Strategies for RNA Using Biobased Ionic Liquids

Integrated Extraction-Preservation Strategies for RNA Using Biobased Ionic Liquids

Physical Examination and Clinical Course of Poisoning and Drug Overdose

Antidotes in Poisoning

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