Toxicology of Avermectins and Milbemycins (Macrocylic Lactones) and the Role of P-Glycoprotein in Dogs and Cats

Mérola, Valentina; Eubig, Paul A.

doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.12.005

Cited by 77 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…117 The role of Pglycoprotein in Loa loa-infected subjects with serious adverse reactions after ivermectin treatment has been investigated. [116][117][118][119][120][121][122] There is also evidence of developmental neurotoxicity (decreased body weight gain, delayed development, intermittent head and whole-body tremors, hind limb extension and then splay) in the F1 offspring of pregnant Sprague Dawley rats treated under controlled conditions with enamectin benzoate, another avermectin pesticide. 123 Whereas the F0 females showed no abnormal physical signs or deficits in reproductive performance when treated by oral gavage with 0.1-3.6 mg/kg once daily from gestation day 6 to lactation day 20, some pups delivered from the high-dose group developed intermittent head tremors beginning on post-natal day 6 (PND-6).…”

Section: Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nodding syndrome in Mundri county, South Sudan: Environmental, nutritional and infectious factors

Spencer¹,

Vandemaele

Richer³

et al. 2013

Afr H. Sci.

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Background: Nodding Syndrome is a seizure disorder of children in Mundri County, Western Equatoria, South Sudan. The disorder is reported to be spreading in South Sudan and northern Uganda. Results: Nodding Syndrome was associated with Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella perstans infections, with food use of a variety of sorghum (serena) introduced as part of an emergency relief program, and was inversely associated with a history of measles infection. There was no evidence to suggest exposure to a manmade neurotoxic pollutant or chemical agent, other than chemically dressed seed intended for planting but used for food. Food use of cyanogenic plants was documented, and exposure to fungal contaminants could not be excluded. Conclusion: Nodding Syndrome in South Sudan has an unknown etiology. Further research is recommended on the association of Nodding Syndrome with onchocerciasis/mansonelliasis and neurotoxins in plant materials used for food.

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Section: Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nodding syndrome in Mundri county, South Sudan: Environmental, nutritional and infectious factors

Spencer¹,

Vandemaele

Richer³

et al. 2013

Afr H. Sci.

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“…More is known about the developmental neurotoxicity of phenobarbital (Verrotti et al, 2014; Bittigau et al, 2002). In rodent models, postnatal exposure to phenobarbital causes excessive neuronal apoptosis, presumably due to its GABA mimetic actions, impairs neurogenesis, causes focal mitochondrial degeneration in diverse brain regions and dysregulates the cortical proteome (Saldarriaga et al, 2014; Elafros et al, 2014; Merola and Eubig, 2012). Exposure to phenobarbital at levels that fall within the moderate to high range of clinically relevant doses impairs the morphological and physiological maturation of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the rodent striatum, a brain region that displays reduced volume in human imaging studies of adults exposed to AEDs early in life (National Pesticide Information Center Agency USEP, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While avermectin (Merola and Eubig, 2012), neonicotinoids (National Pesticide Information Center Agency USEP, 2015), pyrethroids (Wolansky and Harrill, 2008) and OP pesticides (Pope, 1999) all interfere with neurotransmission in both target (insects) and non-target (human) species, the pyrethroids and OPs pose the most risk to the human brain. Pyrethroids are synthetic pyrethrins analogs with high selectivity for insects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenobarbital use and neurological problems in FMR1 premutation carriers

et al. 2016

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Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a CGG expansion in the FMR1 gene located at Xq27.3. Patients with the premutation in FMR1 present specific clinical problems associated with the number of CGG repeats (55–200 CGG repeats). Premutation carriers have elevated FMR1 mRNA expression levels, which have been associated with neurotoxicity potentially causing neurodevelopmental problems or neurological problems associated with aging. However, cognitive impairments or neurological problems may also be related to increased vulnerability of premutation carriers to neurotoxicants, including phenobarbital. Here we present a study of three sisters with the premutation who were exposed differentially to phenobarbital therapy throughout their lives, allowing us to compare the neurological effects of this drug in these patients.

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“…The oral administrative dose of fenbendazole to cattle @ 7.5gm/ kg body weight was not causing any adverse effect (Prasad et al, 2006). Avermectins may have stimulatory CNS effects (tremors) at lower concentrations but inhibitory effects (ataxia, depression) at higher concentrations (Merola et al, 2012). Ivermectin toxicity produces signs in animals are mydriasis and depression followed by ataxia, recumbency and death (Canga et al, 2007;Prasad et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gradually increase the concentration of avermectins leads to enhance GABA effect that leads to a progressive ataxia and CNS depression (Bloomquist et al, 2003). So avermectins may have CNS stimulatory effect at lower concentration and inhibitory effect (ataxia, depression) at higher concentration (Merola et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%