Toxicology of Herbicides

Marrs, Timothy C.

doi:10.1002/0470091673.ch7

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 129 publications

(156 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The estimated total exposure to individual active substances (𝑇𝐸 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ) was assessed against the respective AOEL, a European regulatory limit that expresses the maximum amount of an active substance that individuals can absorb on a single day without causing adverse health effects (Marrs and Ballantyne 2004). Due to missing data, AOELs for different salts of the same active substance were used for 2,4-D butyl ester and bentazone sodium (Table S1).…”

Section: Risk Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure to Pesticides Applied by Rice Growers in Malaysia

Wong,

Garthwaite,

Jais

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There is a sparsity of information about occupational exposure to pesticides on small-scale farms in developing countries. This study investigates rice growers’ exposure to pesticides due to the use of knapsack/backpack sprayers, a practice which is widespread in developing countries including Malaysia. Pesticide application information was collected from 23 rice growers during November 2020 – March 2021 using personal interviews and questionnaires. The information was used to predict total daily exposure to individual active substances via dermal and inhalation routes during mixing/loading and application activities using selected exposure models. The estimated exposures were assessed against the agricultural operator exposure levels (AOELs) for single active substances, where any exceedance indicates a potential risk to health. The 23 rice growers cultivated 0.6 – 3.8 ha of rice. Pesticides were applied on 3 -13 different days by the different growers with between 1 and 8 compounds applied on individual spray days. Individuals had estimated average daily exposures to single active substance compounds of 4.1x10-3 to 1.3x10-1 mg kg-bw-1 day-1 (4.0x10-3 – 1.3x10-1 and 4.2x10-5 – 5.4x10-2 mg kg-bw-1 day-1 during application and mixing/loading activities, respectively), where dermal exposure constituted 89 – 99.6% of the total exposure. Overall, 25% of all the applications reported by the 23 growers had exposure estimates that exceeded the AOELs, mainly due to the use of highly toxic pesticides, products formulated as wettable powders, and/or growers neglecting to wear gloves whilst handling pesticides. All of these factors can be improved by provision of training and information on selection of pesticide products and application practices. Study findings can be used to target efforts to minimise pesticide risks to health in developing countries.

show abstract

Section: Risk Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure to Pesticides Applied by Rice Growers in Malaysia

Wong,

Garthwaite,

Jais

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Chemical Terrorism

Ballantyne¹

2009

General, Applied and Systems Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Terrorism has a very long history. Terrorism has been defined terrorism as deliberately and violently targeting civilians for political purposes. One of the objectives of terrorism may be to generate a disproportionate response and thereby alienate the population against the state. The range of weaponry potentially available to terrorists is wide and variable: weapons used may include guns or explosive devices, radioactive/nuclear sources, biological organisms and toxins (bioterrorism) or xenobiotic chemicals (chemical terrorism). Chemicals that might be used include irritant and/or disorienting materials, nauseating materials, psychogenic materials and severely toxic and lethal agents. The only major chemical terrorist action to date was the two instances of use in Japan of sarin, an organophosphorus ester G‐agents, where there was large‐scale mass casualties. While many other compounds could be used in chemical terrorism (eg cyanide, arsine), the only other mass casualty situation to date involving terrorism was the death of many innocent citizens in an anti‐hostage situation in Moscow; this appears to have caused by the authorities' response, rather than the action of the terrorists.

show abstract

Toxicology of Pesticides

Dewhurst¹,

Marrs

2009

General, Applied and Systems Toxicology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pesticides are a group of substances with heterogeneous toxicity, whose desired activity is the killing of unwanted living organisms. The main groups are insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and rodenticides. Many, but not all, pesticides have mammalian toxicity that is related to their toxicity to the target organism. To be weighed against their mammalian toxicity are the facts that insects and fungi are important sources of agricultural loss and give rise to much damage to buildings, where construction is often of wood. Furthermore, many insects carry diseases such as malaria and sleeping sickness, which in the absence of control measures may render land uninhabitable or agriculturally unusable. The key to a successful pesticide is selective toxicity and some of the more modern pesticides have actions that are target‐organism specific. In recent years, there has been some concern as to the possibility of deleterious effects from multiple pesticides exposure, either as residues in food or at the workplace. Another recent development is the use of microbial pest control agents: these are plant‐protection products that have a micro‐organism, that is, a bacterium, fungus, virus, protozoan, microscopic nematode or microsporidium, as the active material.

show abstract

Toxicology of Herbicides

Cited by 3 publications

References 129 publications

Occupational Exposure to Pesticides Applied by Rice Growers in Malaysia

Occupational Exposure to Pesticides Applied by Rice Growers in Malaysia

Chemical Terrorism

Toxicology of Pesticides

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About