Toxicology of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine and the Pathology of the Retinopathy They Cause

Browning, David J.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0597-3_3

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…However, the antiviral activity of the drug has been evaluated against other viruses in preclinical and clinical studies with mixed results. CQ plasma steady state concentrations in mice are similar to those reported for humans (10 µM) and are within range of the EC 50 values determined for MERS-CoV (3.6 µM) and SARS-CoV (2.3 µM) [ 43 , 55 ]. Preclinical studies with CQ in mice against other viruses have shown survival benefits for influenza and EBOV infections.…”

Section: Therapeutic Agentssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…However, considerable challenges remain for the treatment of viral infections including increased understanding of the pharmacodynamics of CQ, achievement of sufficient plasma concentrations in patients, and toxicity concerns [ 60 ]. Importantly, hydroxychloroquine, a CQ derivate, may provide an alternative due to lower toxicity and similar pharmacology profile [ 55 ].…”

Section: Therapeutic Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Current Therapeutic Options and Potential Targets for Novel Therapies

Dyall

Gross

Kindrachuk

et al. 2017

Drugs

180

183

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No specific antivirals are currently available for two emerging infectious diseases, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). A literature search covering pathogenesis, clinical features and therapeutics, clinically developed drugs for repurposing and novel drug targets was performed. This review presents current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical features of the SARS and MERS coronaviruses. The rationale for and outcomes with treatments used for SARS and MERS is discussed. The main focus of the review is on drug development and the potential that drugs approved for other indications provide for repurposing. The drugs we discuss belong to a wide range of different drug classes, such as cancer therapeutics, antipsychotics, and antimalarials. In addition to their activity against MERS and SARS coronaviruses, many of these approved drugs have broad-spectrum potential and have already been in clinical use for treating other viral infections. A wealth of knowledge is available for these drugs. However, the information in this review is not meant to guide clinical decisions, and any therapeutic described here should only be used in context of a clinical trial. Potential targets for novel antivirals and antibodies are discussed as well as lessons learned from treatment development for other RNA viruses. The article concludes with a discussion of the gaps in our knowledge and areas for future research on emerging coronaviruses.

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Section: Therapeutic Agentssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Therapeutic Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Current Therapeutic Options and Potential Targets for Novel Therapies

Dyall

Gross

Kindrachuk

et al. 2017

Drugs

180

183

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“…So, our study was undertaken to examine the ocular structure in SLE patients to determine the role of HCQ on it. As in our research and others had been indicated that HCQ rarely causes ocular toxicity in a short term of the use [15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 78%

The Effect of Hydroxychloroquine Treatment on Blood Sugar Level, Serum Lipid Profile and the Retina in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients

Sarhan¹,

Shaban²,

Hamid³

et al. 2016

Med-Science

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“…Low dose of antimalarial is an off‐label approved indication for PCT treatment . Initially chloroquine phosphate (250 mg) was used; however, because of the lack of availability, currently we use hydroxychloroquine sulfate (400 mg) as the equivalency between both drugs was established as 4 mg/kg/dose of chloroquine ≈ 6 mg/kg/dose of hydroxychloroquine . Several hypotheses explain antimalarial mechanism of action: (i) It forms complexes with porphyrins, removing them from hepatocytes by exocytosis and increasing excretion of urinary porphyrins; (ii) Reduces intracellular concentration of porphyrins by increasing vacuolar cell membrane permeability; (iii) Reduces the activity of ALA‐synthase, which is increased in PCT; and (iv) Restores hepatic UROD activity removing hepatic iron .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experience in management of porphyria cutanea tarda in a tertiary referral Brazilian hospital from 2002 to 2017

2019

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Background Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is the most common porphyria worldwide.The known acquired precipitating factors that induce PCT include alcoholism, hepatitis C virus infection, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and estrogen intake. Hereditary hemochromatosis is considered an inherited risk factor. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze precipitating factors and family history, with emphasis on PCT management. Methods A retrospective study of 87 patients with PCT was conducted between January 2002 and December 2017.Results A male predominance of 1.8 : 1 was found. The median age at diagnosis was 49 years (range 18-71). Family history of PCT was observed in 19.5% of patients. Two or more acquired precipitating factors were present in 42.5%. Patients were treated with antimalarial monotherapy (72.4%), antimalarial combined with phlebotomy (22.9%), and only with phlebotomy (4.6%). Acquired precipitating factors and inherited factors were not associated with treatment group. There was a difference in 24 h-UP normalization rate between treatment groups; combined therapy takes longer than antimalarial monotherapy, 38 months versus 15 months, respectively (CI 95%, 6.5-63.5 vs. 12.9-17) (log-rank test, P = 0.004).Conclusion Precipitating factors did not seem to be associated with treatment choice; however, all acquired and inherited precipitating factors should be investigated, and the choice between phlebotomy and/or antimalarials should be individualized. All dermatologists treating PCT patients should observe transferrin saturation and ferritin levels to search for underlying hereditary hemochromatosis. * P = 0.021 according to a t-test.

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Toxicology of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine and the Pathology of the Retinopathy They Cause

Cited by 6 publications

References 130 publications

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Current Therapeutic Options and Potential Targets for Novel Therapies

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Current Therapeutic Options and Potential Targets for Novel Therapies

The Effect of Hydroxychloroquine Treatment on Blood Sugar Level, Serum Lipid Profile and the Retina in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients

Experience in management of porphyria cutanea tarda in a tertiary referral Brazilian hospital from 2002 to 2017

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