Toxicology of octabromobiphenyl and decabromodiphenyl oxide.

Norris, Jill M.; Kociba, R.J.; Schwetz, Bernard A.; Rose, James Q.; Humiston, C. G.; Jewett, G L; Gehring, P.J.; Mailhes, John B.

doi:10.1289/ehp.7511153

Cited by 103 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In comparison, the bioaccumulation of an octabromobiphenyl (belonging to the PBB group) was much more pronounced (79). Possible metabolism and/or debromination of decaBDE may interfere with the results.…”

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Oral administration of 14 C-labeled decaBDE (BDE-209) to rats resulted in fecal excretion of > 90% of the dose 2 days after administration. Elimination in urine and in expired air was less than 1% over a period of 16 days, and accessible data seem to suggest minimal absorption of decaBDE from the gastrointestinal tract (54,60,79). In a carcinogenicity study (80), 14 C-labeled decaBDE was given in the diet to rats to quantify decaBDE absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.…”

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tissue distribution of 14 CdecaBDE was studied in rats 16 days after a single oral dose (54,60,79). Radioactivity was observed only in the adrenal glands (0.01% of administered dose) and in the spleen (0.06% of administered dose) but not in any other tissue studied.…”

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In studies by Norris and coworkers (54,60,79), rats were injected iv with 14 C-decaBDE, after which the radioactive compounds in feces were analyzed. Of the excreted fecal label, 63% were unidentified metabolite(s) of decaBDE and 37% were unchanged decaBDE.…”

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, the acute toxicity of PBDEs (administered orally, dermally, or by inhalation) is low (Table 4). The low toxic potency of fully brominated BDE-209 is likely to be explained by poor absorption after oral administration (54,60,79,80). Available data are not suitable for use in even limited structure-toxicity correlations.…”

Section: Experimental Studies In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Darnerud

Eriksen

Johannesson

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

686

263

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in plastics (concentration, 5--30%) and in textile coatings. Commercial products consist predominantly of penta-, octa-, and decabromodiphenyl ether mixtures, and global PBDE production is about 40,000 tons per year. PBDEs are bioaccumulated and biomagnified in the environment, and comparatively high levels are often found in aquatic biotopes from different parts of the world. During the mid-1970--1980s there was a substantial increase in the PBDE levels with time in both sediments and aquatic biota, whereas the latest Swedish data (pike and guillemot egg) may indicate that levels are at steady state or are decreasing. However, exponentially increasing PBDE levels have been observed in mother's milk during 1972--1997. Based on levels in food from 1999, the dietary intake of PBDE in Sweden has been estimated to be 0.05 microg per day. Characteristic end points of animal toxicity are hepatotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and thyroid effects as well as maternal toxicity during gestation. Recently, behavioral effects have been observed in mice on administration of PBDEs during a critical period after birth. Based on the critical effects reported in available studies, we consider the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) value of the PBDE group to be 1 mg/kg/day (primarily based on effects of pentaBDEs). In conclusion, with the scientific knowledge of today and based on Nordic intake data, the possible consumer health risk from PBDEs appears limited, as a factor of over 10(6) separates the estimated present mean dietary intake from the suggested LOAEL value. However, the presence of many and important data gaps, including those in carcinogenicity, reproduction, and developmental toxicity, as well as additional routes of exposure, make this conclusion only preliminary. Moreover, the time trend of PBDEs in human breast milk is alarming for the future.

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Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Studies In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Darnerud

Eriksen

Johannesson

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

686

263

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Ethers

Mehlman

2024

Patty's Toxicology

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Naturally occurring ethers may be constituents of essential oils and may be extracted from these sources. Although some ethers may appear naturally, they may be prepared synthetically from other chemicals or other ethers. Symmetrical ethers are produced by the catalytic dehydration of their corresponding alcohols, for example, diethyl ether from ethanol. They are also obtained as by‐products from the formation of their corresponding esters or alcohols. Ethers may also be made by special synthesis procedures. Some ethers are obtained through the destructive distillation of selected hardwoods. Ethers have a wide variety of industrial uses. Their commercial value is recognized in the following industries: rubber, plastics, paints and coatings, refrigeration, medicine, dentistry, petroleum, chemical, perfume, cosmetics, toiletries, and food. The more volatile ethers have been used as liquid refrigerants, general anesthetics, commercial solvents, primers for gasoline engines, fuel additives, and rocket propellants. Other ethers have been used as alkylating agents in chemical syntheses of organic chemicals and in the manufacture of polymers. They are also used to denature alcohol. Halogenated ethers are used in the preparation of ion‐exchange resin, which is a modified polystyrene resin that is chloromethylated and then treated with a tertiary amine or with a polyamine. Ethers have wide use as commercial solvents and extractants for esters, gums, hydrocarbons, alkaloids, oils, resins, dyes, plastics, lacquers, and paints. They are used as dewaxing extractants for lubricating oils. Ethers have had limited use as cleaning and spotting agents. They are used as chemical intermediates in the manufacture of textile aids, such as dyes and resins. In the pharmaceutical industry, ethers are used as solvents, suspending agents, flavorings for oral drugs, and dental products. They are used to increase viscosity, as penetrants and wetting agents and as antioxidants and stabilizers. Ethers are used in foods as flavorings and in perfumes as fragrances. They are used as solvents for elastomers and for regenerating rubber. They have use as antiskinning agents in surface coatings and as weathering agents for paints and plastics. Ethers are also used in soaps. Ethers appear in heat transfer agents. Several industries use specific ethers for thickening, dispersing, suspending, binding, and film forming. The data presented here are arranged according to the chemical structure of the compounds. An effort has been made to place the chemicals within each group in an order that represents an increase in chain length. Even though the number of chemicals in any one group is limited, it is possible to make general, comparative statements. This corresponds with the acute toxicity data available in the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances . The oral toxicity and concentrated vapor data indicate that as the chain length increases in the symmetrical ethers, the toxicity is reduced. The inverse is true for skin penetration toxicity.

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Halogenated Biphenyls

Mukerjee¹

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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Polyhalogenated biphenyls are a family of compounds based on biphenyl as the parent compound. Chlorinated and brominated biphenyls have been manufactured for commercial purposes. There are 209 possible structural congeners of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and for polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) the same number of congeners can exist. A listing of all PCB congeners is given along with their Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) Registry numbers an identifying numbering system are given. PCBs used commercially are complex mixtures consisting of various PCB congeners and isomers. It has been estimated that in the United States a total of 1400 million pounds of PCBs were manufactured of which 150 million pounds were exported, and 3 million pounds were imported. Because of their nonflammability, thermal stability, outstanding dielectric properties, and resistance to chemical reactivity, PCBs have been used extensively as dielectric fluids in liquid‐cooled electric motors, transformers, capacitors; electromagnets, vacuum pumps, gas turbines, hydraulic fluids; heat‐transfer systems; voltage regulators, liquid‐filled cable, fluorescent light ballasts, electronic equipment; as plasticizers in synthetic resins, adhesives, surface coatings, sealants, printing and carbonless coping papers, pesticide extenders, inks, lubricants, and cutting oils. PCBs have also been used in slide mounting medium for oil immersion lens microscopy. Although PCBs are no longer produced and their use has been discontinued in most countries, many old equipment filled with PCBs are still in service today. World wide approximately 800,00 tons of PCBs are still in use. These equipments are the new sources of environmental contamination when PCBs start leaking or when the equipments are disposed of. Commercial production of polybrominated biphenyls in the United States began in 1970 and was discontinued in early 1977. The general population may be exposed to PCBs from a variety of sources, including food, ambient air, occupational settings, and consumer products. The major exposure routes to humans are through food. Accidental oral exposures to PCBs have been reported. In all cases, total PCB levels must be based on specific congener analysis or direct perchlorination rather than in terms of Aroclors because the congener patterns in environmental media and biological tissues usually do not match those in Aroclor fluids unless massive contamination has occurred (typical of spills and some occupational situations). Thus predictive models based on specific congener data must also be utilized. The less chlorinated congeners predominate in air samples from known contaminated areas and in water and wet deposition samples with temperature and the amount of sediment in river and water samples being important covariables. In contrast, the more highly chlorinated isomers with substituents at the 2,4,5 or 2′,4′,5′ positions tend to bioaccumulate in some crop vegetables, game animals, fish, and human tissue samples. PCBs in contaminated soils can be absorbed by plants and vegetables with shallow‐root systems to PCB contamination, although volatilization in this situation is also favored; erosion of such soils will also cause contamination of sediments. The more chlorinated congeners dominate in soils and sediments and the resident biota (cash crops, vegetables, fish, aquatic life). The absolute levels in any situation depend on which of the competing processes dominates. PCB mixtures produce low to moderate acute toxicity in mammalian species, but produce pronounced subacute and chronic toxicity. In contrast, invertebrates exhibit greater acute toxicity to PCBs (LC 50 s<1 mg/L). In addition, as reported for other halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs exhibit significant interspecies variability in toxicity. In considering the health effects of PCBs in animals, it is important to consider the isomer and congener composition of the PCBs, potential impurities, the length of exposure, and the species under investigation.

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Toxicology of octabromobiphenyl and decabromodiphenyl oxide.

Cited by 103 publications

References 2 publications

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Ethers

Halogenated Biphenyls

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