Toxicology of Phthalic Acid Esters Used in Food-Packaging Material

Shibko, S. I.; Blumenthal, H.

doi:10.2307/3428039

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…After inhalation, oral or dermal uptake, DEP is mainly hydrolyzed to ethanol and monoethyl phthalate, which is then excreted in the urine [30]. DEP exerts low acute toxicity; lethal doses are reported in the range of 9-31 g/kg [31]. No carcinogenic effects after dermal or oral exposure were detected in long-term studies with rodents [30,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Analysis and Risk Assessment of Diethyl Phthalate in Alcoholic Beverages with Special Regard to Unrecorded Alcohol

Leitz¹,

Kuballa²,

Rehm³

et al. 2011

Industrial Chemistry

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Background: Phthalates are synthetic compounds with a widespread field of applications. For example, they are used as plasticizers in PVC plastics and food packaging, or are added to personal care products. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) may be used to denature alcohol, e.g., for cosmetic purposes. Public health concerns of phthalates include carcinogenic, teratogenic, hepatotoxic and endocrine effects. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for determining phthalates in alcohol samples and to provide a risk assessment for consumers of such products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Analysis and Risk Assessment of Diethyl Phthalate in Alcoholic Beverages with Special Regard to Unrecorded Alcohol

Leitz¹,

Kuballa²,

Rehm³

et al. 2011

Industrial Chemistry

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“…The most commonly reported LD 50 for rats (SHIBKO & BLUMENTHAL 1973) is 8-18 g/kg and 31 g/kg for DBP and DEHP, respectively. In 1991, the European Food Commission set Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) levels by humans to 25 µg per kg body weight per day for DEHP and 50 µg per kg body weight per day for DBP.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the food chain

Jarošová¹

2006

Czech J. Food Sci.

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Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) rank among the primary risk pollutants and their adverse effects may endanger the environmental balance and affect the ontogenetic development of live organisms and their body functions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the occurrence of PAEs in packaging materials and plastics (infusion sets), to evaluate the accumulation and distribution of the most common phthalates such as DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and DBP (di-n-butyl phthalate) in body tissues and organs of pigs and broiler chicks having been administered the phthalates per os, to assess the occurrence of PAEs in pig and cattle farms in the district of Hodonín (1997–1999), and to propose precautionary measures to mitigate the risk of PAE penetration into the food chain and the environments. DEHP and DBP contents in packaging materials ranged from 0.1 to 4259 mg DEHP, and from 0.1 to 1298 mg DBP per 1 kg printed packaging material, respectively. In haemodialysis patients, over 0.5 mg DEHP per 1 kg blood was found after three hours of haemodialysis. In combined feeds for farm animals (pigs, cattle, poultry), DEHP and DBP concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 1.77 and from 0.06 to 2.36 mg/kg feed, respectively, were detected. In all the food samples investigated, measurable levels of DEHP (less than 0.01–0.22 mg/kgsample) and DBP (less than 0.01 to 1.31 mg/kgsample) were found. In the experimental pigs and broilers, phthalates were distributed in all the organs monitored and the highest accumulation was found in adipose tissue as expected. All the samples withdrawn from farms in the Hodonín district had measurable phthalate concentrations; the hygienic limit (4 mg/kg) was exceeded in 2 samples of swine adipose tissue (4.26 and 6.92 mg/kgfresh sample) and in 1 sample of cattle adipose tissue (4.75 mg/kgfresh sample).  

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“…They are produced industrially in large quantities, mainly to impart flexibility into plastics, and can leach out of these materials into water, soil, or food over time. BBP is also used in the production of vinyl floor tiles, adhesives, and synthetic leather; DBP is more common as a plasticizer in food-packaging materials, PVC, the cellulosics, and certain types of elastomers (30)(31)(32) Table 1). This initial screening process isolated a However, our results indicate that a com-,radation of chemicals present subset of chemicals that were likely to be prehensive survey of the estrogenic activiults in a wide range of prodable to bind to the estrogen receptor, but it ties (if any) of all commonly used phtha-)f which are unidentified.…”

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confidence: 99%

A variety of environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are weakly estrogenic.

Jobling

Reynolds

White

et al. 1995

Environ Health Perspect

1,089

373

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Sewage, a complex mixture of organic and inorganic chemicals, is considered to be a major source of environmental pollution. A random screen of 20 organic man-made chemicals present in liquid effluents revealed that half appeared able to interact with the estradiol receptor. This was demonstrated by their ability to inhibit binding of 17 beta-estradiol to the fish estrogen receptor. Further studies, using mammalian estrogen screens in vitro, revealed that the two phthalate esters butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DBP) and a food antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were estrogenic; however, they were all less estrogenic than the environmental estrogen octylphenol. Phthalate esters, used in the production of various plastics (including PVC), are among the most common industrial chemicals. Their ubiquity in the environment and tendency to bioconcentrate in animal fat are well known. Neither BBP nor DBP were able to act as antagonists, indicating that, in the presence of endogenous estrogens, their overall effect would be cumulative. Recently, it has been suggested that environmental estrogens may be etiological agents in several human diseases, including disorders of the male reproductive tract and breast and testicular cancers. The current finding that some phthalate compounds and some food additives are weakly estrogenic in vitro, needs to be supported by further studies on their effects in vivo before any conclusions can be made regarding their possible role in the development of these conditions. Images Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4.

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Toxicology of Phthalic Acid Esters Used in Food-Packaging Material

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Chemical Analysis and Risk Assessment of Diethyl Phthalate in Alcoholic Beverages with Special Regard to Unrecorded Alcohol

Chemical Analysis and Risk Assessment of Diethyl Phthalate in Alcoholic Beverages with Special Regard to Unrecorded Alcohol

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in the food chain

A variety of environmentally persistent chemicals, including some phthalate plasticizers, are weakly estrogenic.

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