Toxin Production by
            <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>
            as a Function of Light in Continuous Cultures and Its Ecological Significance

Utkilen, Hans; Gjølme, Nina

doi:10.1128/aem.58.4.1321-1325.1992

Cited by 145 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Similar results were reported by Van der Westhuizen and Eloff (1985) in that light intensity had a small effect on cell toxicity, but toxicity tended to be less at very low and high light intensities. However, studies by Utkilen and Gjolme (1992) indicated that light intensity had a pronounced effect on both toxicity and toxin production rate in the continuous culture of M. aeruginosa; toxicity and toxin production rate increased with light intensity up to an intensity of 40 E m Ϫ2 s Ϫ1 and decreased at higher light intensities. In the present study, toxin production was negatively correlated with light intensity: the highest toxin content was detected at a lower light intensity (15 E m Ϫ2 s Ϫ1 ) and the lowest toxin content at a higher light intensity (100 E m Ϫ2 s Ϫ1 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Factors which are closely related to the growth of Microcystis have most commonly been selected to investigate their effects on the production of microcystin. It has been shown that light intensity had a pronounced effect on the production of microcystin in Microcystis aeruginosa grown in batch culture conditions (Van der Westhuizen and Eloff 1985;Watanabe and Oishi 1985) or continuous culture conditions (Utkilen and Gjolme 1992), and the optimal growth temperature was different to the optimal toxicity temperature (Gorham 1964;Van der Westhuizen and Eloff 1985). Higher toxicity was detected at both higher and lower pH values (Eloff and Van der Westhuizen 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Microcystin production of Microcystis viridis (cyanobacteria) under different culture conditions

Song¹,

Sano²,

Li³

et al. 1998

Phycological Res

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Toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis viridis was isolated from the eutrophic Dianchi Lake of south-western China. Three microcystins were detected from this strain by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Among them, [Dha 7 ] microcystin-RR is the major component and represents about 70-80% of the total toxins of this strain. We examined its microcystin production pattern in relation to culture conditions such as light intensity, nutrition, temperature, pH and growth phase. Of all the factors examined, light intensity and pH influenced the toxin production much more than other factors. At 25ЊC, a high production of [Dha 7 ] microcystin-RR was obtained at light intensity 15 E s Ϫ1 m Ϫ2 , and both low and high pH (pH 7.0 and pH 9.2) enhanced the yield of microcystin-RR. No strong relationships were found between total toxin and temperature ranging from 15ЊC. The highest production of total toxins was measured in the mid-exponential growth phase and lowest production towards the declining growth phase. Remarkable changes in toxin production and morphology emerged coincidentally following the transfer of nitrogen-deficient cells into fresh MA medium during the time course. These findings may shed light on the correlation between toxin production and morphogenesis of this strain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcystin production of Microcystis viridis (cyanobacteria) under different culture conditions

Song¹,

Sano²,

Li³

et al. 1998

Phycological Res

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show abstract

“…Higher microcystin concentrations most often are associated with higher biomass of toxigenic taxa and thus are more likely found in eutrophic than in clear lakes (Svrcek & Smith, 2004). A number of studies have dealt with the cellular microcystin content in cyanobacterial strains under various growth conditions (Sivonen, 1990;Utkilen & Gjolme, 1992;Rapala et al, 1997;Orr & Jones, 1998;Oh et al, 2000;Wiedner et al, 2003), with the presence of mcy-genes (Tillett et al, 2001;Bittencourt-Oliveira, 2003;Hisbergues et al, 2003;Via-Ordorika et al, 2004;Mbedi et al, 2005), or with both factors (Mikalsen et al, 2003). An important conclusion of these studies is that mcy-genes are present nearly exclusively in those strains in which microcystins can actually be detected.…”

Section: Taxonomic Distribution Of Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyanobacterial peptides — Nature's own combinatorial biosynthesis

2006

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Cyanobacterial secondary metabolites have attracted increasing scientific interest due to bioactivity of many compounds in various test systems. Among the known structures, oligopeptides are often found with many congeners sharing conserved substructures, while being highly variable in others. A major part of known oligopeptides are of non-ribosomal origin and can be grouped into classes with conserved structural properties. Thus, the overall structural diversity of cyanobacterial oligopeptides only seemingly suggests an equally high diversity of biosynthetic pathways and respective genes. For each class of peptides, some of which have been found in all major branches of the cyanobacterial evolutionary tree, homologous synthetases and genes can be inferred. This implies that non-ribosomal peptide synthetase genes are a very ancient part of the cyanobacterial genome and presumably have evolved by recombination and duplication events to reach the present structural diversity of cyanobacterial oligopeptides. In addition, peptide synthetases would appear to be an essential part of the cyanobacterial evolution and physiology. The present review presents an overview of the biosynthesis of cyanobacterial peptides and corresponding gene clusters, the structural diversity of structural types and structural variations within peptide classes, and implications for the evolution and plasticity of biosynthetic genes and the potential function of cyanobacterial peptides.

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“…Numerous laboratory studies and investigations in specific lakes have examined the effects of various environmental factors (e.g. nutrients, light, temperature) on MC production (Van der Westhuizen & Eloff, 1985;Watanabe & Oishi, 1985;Utkilen & Gjølme, 1992;Jacoby et al, 2000;Sekadende, Lyimo & Kurmayer, 2005). Regional studies on the interactions between microcystins and physicochemical variables have been conducted in Canada (Kotak et al, 2000), America (Graham et al, 2004) and Spain (Aboal & Puig, 2005), but such studies have been lacking in Asia, although in lake water generally more eutrophic and toxic cyanobacteria are more common (Jin, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between microcystins and environmental parameters in 30 subtropical shallow lakes along the Yangtze River, China

Xie

Gao

et al. 2006

Freshwater Biology

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A novel fish chemokine receptor gene, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3)-like was isolated from the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, with its full-length genomic sequence. The cDNA of grass carp CXCR3-like (gcCXCR3-like) consists of 1261 bp with a 49 bp 5 -UTR and a 189 bp 3 -UTR. An open reading frame of 1023 bp encodes a 341-amino acid peptide, with seven transmembrane helices. The deduced amino acid sequence showed the same sequence identities (37.8%) with its counterparts in goat and human. The gcCXCR3-like gene consists of two exons, with one intervening intron, spaced over approximately 2 kb of genomic sequence. Phylogenetic analyses clearly demonstrated that the gcCXCR3-like resembles the CXCR3s of other vertebrates. Real-time PCR analysis showed that gcCXCR3-like was expressed in all tested organs except heart and the expression level of gcCXCR3-like was highest in brain. Flow cytometric analyses showed the positive rate of labelled leukocytes from the healthy grass carp was 17.3%, and the labelled leukocytes were divided into three types by cell sorting. Immunohistochemical localization revealed that gcCXCR3-like expressed in whole brain regions including cerebel, diencephalon, medulla oblongata, optic lobe, and rhinencephalon, and that the labelled leukocytes are actually populations of monocyte and/or phagocyte, lymphocyte and the granulocyte. It is considered that fish CXCR expression and their function may need to be investigated in both nervous and immune systems.

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Toxin Production by Microcystis aeruginosa as a Function of Light in Continuous Cultures and Its Ecological Significance

Cited by 145 publications

References 18 publications

Microcystin production of Microcystis viridis (cyanobacteria) under different culture conditions

Microcystin production of Microcystis viridis (cyanobacteria) under different culture conditions

Cyanobacterial peptides — Nature's own combinatorial biosynthesis

Relationships between microcystins and environmental parameters in 30 subtropical shallow lakes along the Yangtze River, China

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