Toxin production, retention, and extracellular release by Dinophysis acuminata during extended stationary phase and culture decline

Smith, Juliette L.; Tong, Mengmeng; Fux, Elie; Anderson, Donald M.

doi:10.1016/j.hal.2012.06.008

Cited by 36 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…A similar situation was observed among seven strains of D. acuminata from Denmark, which produced PTX-2, whereas none produced OA or DTX (Nielsen et al, 2012). Similarly, a D. acuminata culture isolated from Eel Pond, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA exposed to two different irradiance treatments (dark and light) showed a cellular PTX-2 content an order of magnitude greater than that of OA and DTX-1 in both treatments (Smith et al, 2012). On the other hand, strains that showed DST profiles dominated by OA and/or DTX have been found in western Europe (Moroñ o et al, 2003;Marcaillou et al, 2005), as is the case for D. acuminata cells from concentrated water samples from the Limfjord, Denmark (Jørgen-sen and Andersen, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…The proportion of toxins retained inside the producer cells versus excreted or leaked into seawater will affect not only relative concentration in seawater but also retention in shellfish. In the case of the PTX versus OA and DTX, the former group has a higher tendency to remain inside the dinoflagellate cell or remain strongly associated with cellular debris as a culture or natural bloom collapses (Nagai et al, 2011;Smith et al, 2012), which might lead to a higher proportion of PTXs toxins versus OA and DTX in plankton samples than in shellfish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The toxin extraction process was described in Smith et al (2012). In brief, the cell samples were thawed at room temperature, sonicated in a water bath (Fisher ultrasonic cleaner, Model FS30H) for 15 min and well mixed by Vortex-Genie 2 mixer before being passed through a solid phase extraction filter (SPE).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Now that multiple isolates of D. acuminata have been successfully maintained in culture, recent studies have found that both prey and light are required for cell growth and DSP toxin production and that toxin production is further dependent upon growth stage; highest production rates occurred during exponential growth and the highest toxin quotas were coincident with early-mid stationary phase (Tong et al , 2011; Smith et al , 2012). Conversely, production of pectenotoxin-2 does not appear to be directly linked to irradiance or prey consumption in D. acuminata (Nielsen et al , 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of dissolved nitrate and phosphate in isolates of Mesodinium rubrum and toxin-producing Dinophysis acuminata

Tong

Smith

Kulis

et al. 2015

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dinophysis acuminata, a producer of toxins associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and/or pectenotoxins (PTXs), is a mixotrophic species that requires both ciliate prey and light for growth. Linkages have been described in the literature between natural abundances of the predator Dinophysis and its prey, Mesodinium rubrum, and culture experiments have demonstrated that prey, in addition to light, is required for toxin production by Dinophysis acuminata; together these suggest Mesodinium is a critical component for Dinophysis growth and toxicity. However, little is known about the role of dissolved inorganic nutrients on Mesodinium growth or that of toxin-producing Dinophysis. Accordingly, a series of experiments were conducted to investigate the possible uptake of dissolved nitrate and phosphate by 1) Dinophysis starved of prey, 2) Dinophysis feeding on Mesodinium rubrum, and 3) M. rubrum grown in nutritionally-modified media. All single-clone or mixed cultures were monitored for dissolved and particulate nutrient levels over the growth cycle, as well as growth rate, biomass, and toxin production when appropriate. D. acuminata did not utilize dissolved nitrate or phosphate in the medium under any nutrient regime tested, i.e., nutrient-enriched and nutrient-reduced, in the absence or presence of prey, or during any growth phase monitored, i.e., exponential and plateau phases. Changes in particulate phosphorus and nitrogen in D. acuminata, were instead, strongly influenced by the consumption of M. rubrum prey, and these levels quickly stabilized once prey were no longer available. M. rubrum, on the other hand, rapidly assimilated dissolved nitrate and phosphate into its particulate nutrient fraction, with maximum uptake rates of 1.38 pmol N/cell/day and 1.63 pmol P/cell/day. While D. acuminata did not benefit directly from the dissolved nitrate and phosphate, its growth (0.37±0.01 day−1) and toxin production rates for okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) or pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), 0.1, 0.9 and 2.6 pg /cell/day, respectively, were directly coupled to prey availability. These results suggest that while dissolved nitrate and phosphate do not have a direct effect on toxin production or retention by D. acuminata, these nutrient pools contribute to prey growth and biomass, thereby indirectly influencing D. acuminata blooms and overall toxin in the system.

show abstract

“…(Hackett et al 2009 ;Kamiyama and Suzuki 2009 ;Fux et al 2011 ). Moreover, the effects of light, temperature, food availability and the growth phase on toxin production, toxin retention and toxin excretion have been investigated using culture strains (Nagai et al 2011 ;Tong et al 2011 ;Smith et al 2012 ;Nielsen et al 2013 ). These laboratory data, coupled with investigations in nature, are indispensable for better prediction of initiation, maintenance and termination of Dinophysis blooms.…”

Section: Recent Success In Culturing Dinophysis : Toward Understandinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Between Aquatic Protists and Humans

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Protists exhibit a tremendously wide variety of lifestyles and metabolic functions. Considering predicted shortages of natural resources and foods in the near future, much more attention has to be paid to these potentialities of protists from applied and industrial points of view. We provide a general overview of their potentialities, some of which have already been industrialized. On the other hand, our health and economics have long been damaged by other potentialities of protists such as harmful algal blooms and paralytic shellfi sh poisoning . We have been intensively searching for effective countermeasures to avoid or reduce these detrimental impacts. Wise use of protistan benefi cial potentialities is a key issue to respond adequately to rapidly and drastically ongoing changes of global environments. In addition we have to exactly consider what is now happening to the protistan communities due to anthropogenic impact s.

show abstract

Toxin production, retention, and extracellular release by Dinophysis acuminata during extended stationary phase and culture decline

Cited by 36 publications

References 37 publications

Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea

Distribution of Dinophysis species and their association with lipophilic phycotoxins in plankton from the Argentine Sea

Role of dissolved nitrate and phosphate in isolates of Mesodinium rubrum and toxin-producing Dinophysis acuminata

Relationships Between Aquatic Protists and Humans

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About